{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T23:05:03Z","timestamp":1781737503902,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Autonomous University of Aguascalientes","award":["PIFF20-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIFF20-1"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous University of Aguascalientes","award":["PIBT22-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIBT22-5"]}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT, Mexico","award":["PIFF20-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIFF20-1"]}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT, Mexico","award":["PIBT22-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIBT22-5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide. Its treatment options have had a limited impact on cancer remission prognosis. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to discover novel anti-cancer agents. Medicinal plants have gained recognition as a source of anti-cancer bioactive compounds. Recently, ethanolic extract of L. virginicum stems ameliorated dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis by modulating the intestinal immune response. However, no scientific study has demonstrated this potential cytotoxic impact on colon cancer cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the methanolic extract of L. virginicum (ELv) on a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) and to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds present in ELv extracts by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The cytotoxic activity was assessed using cell viability assays by reduction in the compound 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). MTT and LDH assays revealed that the ELv decreases cell viability in the Caco-2 cell line in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell death was a result of DNA fragmentation and p53-mediated apoptosis. Eight phenolic acids and five flavonoids were identified and quantified in the stems. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the extract of L. virginicum possesses cytotoxic properties on Caco-2 cell line, suggesting that it could be a potential source of new drugs against CRC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29163920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T01:38:45Z","timestamp":1724117925000},"page":"3920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cytotoxic Activity of Lepidium virginicum L. Methanolic Extract on Human Colorectal Cancer Cells, Caco-2, through p53-Mediated Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Renata","family":"Gallegos-Saucedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda y Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonatiuh","family":"Barrios-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda y Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo E.","family":"Valdez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda y Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas (CONAHCyT), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3651-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Caba\u00f1as-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Cient\u00edficos y Tecnol\u00f3gicos No. 18, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Blvd. del Bote 202 Cerro del Gato Ejido La Escondida, Col. Ciudad Administrativa, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"Barajas-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior de Huejutla, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Huejutla de Reyes, Hidalgo 43000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7244-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yenny Adriana","family":"G\u00f3mez-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas (CONAHCyT), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Centro de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Guerrero-Alba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda y Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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