{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:47:46Z","timestamp":1790880466214,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates heavy metal contamination in soils, irrigation water, and agricultural produce (fruits: Vitis vinifera (grape), Cucumis melo\u00a0var. saccharimus (melon), and Citrullus vulgaris. Schrade (watermelon); vegetables: Lycopersicum esculentum L. (tomato), Cucurbita pepo (zucchini), Daucus carota (carrot), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Convolvulus Batatas (potato), and Capsicum annuum L. (green pepper)) in the Boumerdes region of Algeria. The concentrations of seven heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) in soil and food samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry. Health risks associated with these metals were evaluated through the estimated daily intake (EDI), non-carcinogenic risks (using target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ), and hazard index (HI)), and carcinogenic risks (cancer risk factor (CR)). Statistical analyses, including cluster analysis (CA) and Pearson correlation, were conducted to interpret the data. The results revealed the highest metal transfer as follows: Cd was most significantly transferred to tomatoes and watermelons; Cr to carrots; Cu to tomatoes; and Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn to lettuce. Among fruits, the highest EDI values were for Zn (2.54\u00b710\u22123 mg\/day) and Cu (1.17\u00b710\u22123 mg\/day), with melons showing the highest Zn levels. For vegetables, the highest EDI values were for Fe (1.68\u00b710\u22122 mg\/day) and Zn (8.37\u00b710\u22123 mg\/day), with potatoes showing the highest Fe levels. Although all heavy metal concentrations were within the World Health Organization\u2019s permissible limits, the HI and TTHQ values indicated potential health risks, particularly from vegetable consumption. These findings suggest the need for ongoing monitoring to ensure food safety and mitigate health risks associated with heavy metal contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29174187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T02:25:49Z","timestamp":1725416749000},"page":"4187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Presence of Heavy Metals in Irrigation Water, Soils, Fruits, and Vegetables: Health Risk Assessment in Peri-Urban Boumerdes City, Algeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Younes","family":"Aksouh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Treatment and Shape of Polymers, University M\u2019Hamed Bougara of Boumerdes, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0620-3207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naima","family":"Boudieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Treatment and Shape of Polymers, University M\u2019Hamed Bougara of Boumerdes, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University M\u2019hamed Bougara of Boumerdes, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0340-2668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadjib","family":"Benosmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University M\u2019hamed Bougara of Boumerdes, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Heterocyclic Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University Houari, Boumediene of Science and Technology, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3488-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yacine","family":"Moussaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Valorisation et Promotion des Ressources Sahariennes (VPRS), Facult\u00e9 des Math\u00e9matiques et Sciences de la Mati\u00e8re, Universit\u00e9 Kasdi Merbah (UKMO), Ouargla 30000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques de l\u2019Environnement, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, El Harrach 16200, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4441-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajmund","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering of Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8762-3440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Klyta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering of Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9945-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Ko\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13\/15 Armii Krajowej Avenue, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(17)60440-5","article-title":"Transfer of Heavy Metals from Soils to Vegetables and Associated Human Health Risks at Selected Sites in Pakistan","volume":"28","author":"Rehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabadjieva, D., Tepavitcharova, S., Kovacheva, A., Gergulova, R., Ilieva, R., Vladov, I., Nanev, V., Gabrashanska, M., and Karavoltsos, S. 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