{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:35:34Z","timestamp":1793918134280,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023HWYQ-096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023HWYQ-096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YJSCX006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YJSCX006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023GX022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GX022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023GX035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GX035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Graduate Student Research Grant from Shandong Second Medical University","award":["2023HWYQ-096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023HWYQ-096"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Student Research Grant from Shandong Second Medical University","award":["2023YJSCX006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YJSCX006"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Student Research Grant from Shandong Second Medical University","award":["2023GX022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GX022"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Student Research Grant from Shandong Second Medical University","award":["2023GX035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GX035"]}]},{"name":"Weifang Science and Technology Development Plan for 2021","award":["2023HWYQ-096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023HWYQ-096"]}]},{"name":"Weifang Science and Technology Development Plan for 2021","award":["2023YJSCX006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YJSCX006"]}]},{"name":"Weifang Science and Technology Development Plan for 2021","award":["2023GX022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GX022"]}]},{"name":"Weifang Science and Technology Development Plan for 2021","award":["2023GX035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GX035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The discovery of a lead compound against Candida albicans is urgently needed because of the lack of clinically available antifungal drugs and the increase in drug resistance. Herein, a \u03b2-carboline alkaloid methylaervine (MET) exhibited potential activity against C. albicans (MIC = 16\u2013128 \u03bcg\/mL), no hemolytic toxicity, and a low tendency to induce drug resistance. An antifungal mechanism study indicated that MET effectively inhibited the biofilm formation and disrupted the mature biofilm. Moreover, filamentation formation and spore germination were also weakened. The electron microscopy analysis revealed that MET could damage the cell structure, including the cell wall, membrane, and cytoplasm. In particular, the permeability and integrity of the cell membrane were destroyed. When it entered the fungi cell, it interfered with the redox homeostasis and DNA function. Overall, MET can inhibit the growth of C. albicans from multiple channels, such as biofilm, filamentation, cell structure, and intracellular targets, which are difficult to mutate at the same time to generate drug resistance. This work provides a promising lead compound for the creation of new antifungal agents against C. albicans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29184303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T05:45:12Z","timestamp":1726033512000},"page":"4303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Antifungal Activity and Multi-Target Mechanism of Action of Methylaervine on Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jinyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingyan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runchu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meixia","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4955-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0471-1403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangkun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01112-0","article-title":"Evolution of the human pathogenic lifestyle in fungi","volume":"7","author":"Rokas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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