{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:12:27Z","timestamp":1781104347800,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","award":["DEC-10\/2021\/IDUB\/I.3.3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC-10\/2021\/IDUB\/I.3.3"]}]},{"name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","award":["2022 (036073)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022 (036073)"]}]},{"name":"Gdansk University of Technology","award":["DEC-10\/2021\/IDUB\/I.3.3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC-10\/2021\/IDUB\/I.3.3"]}]},{"name":"Gdansk University of Technology","award":["2022 (036073)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022 (036073)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents an innovative method for producing thermosensitive bioink from chitosan hydrogels saturated with carbon dioxide and agarose. It focuses on a detailed characterisation of their physicochemical properties and potential applications in biomedicine and tissue engineering. The ORO test approved the rapid regeneration of the three-dimensional structure of chitosan\u2013agarose composites in a unidirectional bench press simulation test. The diffusion of dyes through the chitosan\u2013agarose hydrogel membranes strongly depended on the share of both polymers in the composite and the molecular weight of the dyes. Glucose, as a nutrient marker, also diffused through all membranes regardless of composition. Biocompatibility assessment using MTT tests on 46BR.1N fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes confirmed the safety of the bioink. The regenerative potential of the bioink was confirmed by efficient cell migration, especially HaCaT. Long-term viability studies showed that chitosan\u2013agarose scaffolds, unlike the agarose ones, support cell proliferation and survival, especially 14 days after bioink extrusion. Experiments in a skin wound model in mice confirmed the biocompatibility of the tested dressing and the beneficial action of chitosan on healing. Studies on vessel formation in chicken embryos highlight the potential of the chitosan\u2013agarose composition to enhance proangiogenic effects. This composition meets all entry criteria and possesses excellent biological properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29194648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T06:39:35Z","timestamp":1727678375000},"page":"4648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["From Bioink to Tissue: Exploring Chitosan-Agarose Composite in the Context of Printability and Cellular Behaviour"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Mania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2992-7611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrianna","family":"Banach-Kope\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9942-285X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Maciejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4900-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Czerwiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"S\u0142onimska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4875-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Deptu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Embryology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0435-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Baczy\u0144ski-Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7751-9781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Piku\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Embryology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5087-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Sachadyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7643-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Tylingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fornetti, E., De Paolis, F., Fuoco, C., Bernardini, S., Giannitelli, S.M., Rainer, A., Seliktar, D., Magdinier, F., Baldi, J., and Biagini, R. 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