{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:35:36Z","timestamp":1784709336514,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretaria de Investigacion y Posgrado del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["20240546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240546"]}]},{"name":"Secretaria de Investigacion y Posgrado del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["20240460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240460"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycetoma is currently considered as a neglected tropical disease. The incidence of mycetoma is unknown but most of the worldwide cases are present in the \u201cmycetoma belt\u201d including countries like Mexico, India, Senegal, and others. The treatment of mycetoma depends on the etiological agent responsible for the case. Treatment success reaches 60 to 90%; however, common treatment has been reported to be ineffective in some cases, due in part to resistance to the prescribed antibiotics. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic options. In the past two decades, quinoxaline derivatives have shown relevance as antibacterial agents. Therefore, in this work, esters of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives were evaluated in vitro against the reference strain CECT-3052 from N. brasiliensis, six clinical isolates, and macrophages J774A.1 to determine their cytotoxicity and security index. Additionally, nine reference drugs were evaluated as controls. The results show that nine esters of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) &lt; 1 \u00b5g\/mL against the reference strain and four of them (N-05, N-09, N-11, and N-13) had an MIC &lt; 1 \u00b5g\/mL against the clinical isolates. Therefore, the scaffold quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide could be used to develop new and more potent antinocardial agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29194652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T06:39:35Z","timestamp":1727678375000},"page":"4652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide Derivatives as New Antinocardial Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0124-531X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidro","family":"Palos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Rodhe, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa 88779, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alonzo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica, Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro, s\/n, Esq. El\u00edas Pi\u00f1a, Reynosa 88710, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma D.","family":"Paz-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica, Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro, s\/n, Esq. El\u00edas Pi\u00f1a, Reynosa 88710, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Espinoza-Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S\/N, Chihuahua 31125, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2726-5127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debasish","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Sciences (SIBCS), The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"},{"name":"School of Earth Environment & Marine Sciences (SEEMS), The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norma","family":"Paniagua-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene S.","family":"Galeana-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09460, M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4323-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Ismael","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09460, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julieta","family":"Luna-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9842-4167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gildardo","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica, Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro, s\/n, Esq. El\u00edas Pi\u00f1a, Reynosa 88710, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00019-15","article-title":"Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria","volume":"80","author":"Barka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.259-282.2006","article-title":"Clinical and Laboratory Features of the Nocardia Spp. Based on Current Molecular Taxonomy","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.3.357","article-title":"The Medically Important Aerobic Actinomycetes: Epidemiology and Microbiology","volume":"7","author":"McNeil","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. 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