{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:54:19Z","timestamp":1790916859220,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201c4FRAILTY\u2014Sensoristica intelligente, infrastrutture e modelli gestionali per la sicurezza di soggetti fragili\u201d","award":["ARS01_00345- Bando PON MIUR 1735-13\/07\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARS01_00345- Bando PON MIUR 1735-13\/07\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, volatile organic compound (VOC) determination in exhaled breath has seen growing interest due to its promising potential in early diagnosis of several pathological conditions, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, this study aimed to identify the breath VOC pattern providing an accurate, reproducible and fast CKD diagnosis at early stages of disease. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out, enrolling a total of 30 subjects matched for age and gender. More specifically, the breath samples were collected from (a) 10 patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) before undergoing hemodialysis treatment (DIAL); (b) 10 patients with mild-moderate CKD (G) including 3 patients in stage G2 with mild albuminuria, and 7 patients in stage G3 and (c) 10 healthy controls (CTRL). For each volunteer, an end-tidal exhaled breath sample and an ambient air sample (AA) were collected at the same time on two sorbent tubes by an automated sampling system and analyzed by Thermal Desorption\u2013Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry. A total of 110 VOCs were detected in breath samples but only 42 showed significatively different levels with respect to AA. Nonparametric tests, such as Wilcoxon\/Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests, allowed us to identify the most weighting variables able to discriminate between AA, DIAL, G and CTRL breath samples. A promising multivariate data mining approach incorporating only selected variables (showing p-values lower than 0.05), such as nonanal, pentane, acetophenone, pentanone, undecane, butanedione, ethyl hexanol and benzene, was developed and cross-validated, providing a prediction accuracy equal to 87% and 100% in identifying patients with both mild\u2013moderate CKD (G) and ESKD (DIAL), respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29194686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T11:29:24Z","timestamp":1727868564000},"page":"4686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Breath Analysis: Identification of Potential Volatile Biomarkers for Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9951-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Di Gilio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Apulian Breath Analysis Center (CeRBA), IRCCS Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2178-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanda","family":"Palmisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Apulian Breath Analysis Center (CeRBA), IRCCS Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marirosa","family":"Nisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Apulian Breath Analysis Center (CeRBA), IRCCS Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Pizzillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Apulian Breath Analysis Center (CeRBA), IRCCS Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7334-8372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fiorentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRE-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Rotella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRE-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Mastrofilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loreto","family":"Gesualdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRE-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"de Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Apulian Breath Analysis Center (CeRBA), IRCCS Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13490","article-title":"Burden of end-stage renal disease and evolving challenges in kidney transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Golshayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl. 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