{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:19:39Z","timestamp":1785554379808,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]],"date-time":"2024-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foudation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82374330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82374330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive impairment (CI) is a type of mental health disorder that mainly affects cognitive abilities, such as learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Currently, in clinical practice, the treatment of cognitive impairment mainly focuses on the application of cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists; however, there is no specific and effective drug yet. Procatechuic acid (PCA) possesses various functions, including antibacterial, antiasthmatic, and expectorant effects. In recent years, it has received growing attention in the cognitive domain. Therefore, by summarizing the mechanisms of action of procatechuic acid in the treatment of cognitive impairment in this paper, it is found that procatechuic acid has multiple effects, such as regulating the expression of neuroprotective factors, inhibiting cell apoptosis, promoting the autophagy-lysosome pathway, suppressing oxidative stress damage, inhibiting inflammatory responses, improving synaptic plasticity dysfunction, inhibiting A\u03b2 deposition, reducing APP hydrolysis, enhancing the cholinergic system, and inhibiting the excitotoxicity of neuronal cells. The involved signaling pathways include activating Pi3K-akt-mTor and inhibiting JNK, P38 MAPK, P38-ERK-JNK, SIRT1, and NF-\u03baB\/p53, etc. This paper aims to present the latest progress in research on procatechuic acid, including aspects such as its chemical properties, sources, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms for treating neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29194724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T07:30:18Z","timestamp":1728286218000},"page":"4724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Research Progress on the Mechanisms of Protocatechuic Acid in the Treatment of Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Shuzhi","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongmin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2141-3114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China"},{"name":"The Youth Research and Innovation Team of TCM for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xijian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20759","article-title":"Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia are likely to be less severe and less related to the disorder than previously thought","volume":"19","author":"Moritz","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab114","article-title":"Early stages of tau pathology and its associations with functional connectivity, atrophy and memory","volume":"144","author":"Berron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.09.017","article-title":"The 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron potentiates the effects of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil on neuronal network oscillations in the rat dorsal hippocampus","volume":"143","author":"Agerskov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernal-Mercado, A.T., Vazquez-Armenta, F.J., and Tapia-Rodriguez, M.R. 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