{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T05:26:02Z","timestamp":1782624362635,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2024NSFSC1839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC1839"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["BSH2021025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BSH2021025"]}]},{"name":"Xinglin Postdoctoral Foundation of Chengdu University of TCM","award":["2024NSFSC1839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC1839"]}]},{"name":"Xinglin Postdoctoral Foundation of Chengdu University of TCM","award":["BSH2021025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BSH2021025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emodin (EMO) is an anthraquinone compound derived from Rheum palmatum L., which has rich pharmacological activity. However, studies have shown that EMO may cause hepatotoxicity. In this study, EMO was combined with tetrandrine and prepared as lipid nanoparticles (E-T\/LNPs). The anti-liver fibrosis activity of EMO before and after formulation was evaluated by zebrafish and mice. In addition, the toxicity of EMO and E-T\/LNPs was compared and the toxicity\u2013efficacy concentrations of E-T\/LNPs in zebrafish were verified. E-T\/LNPs are morphologically stable (particle size within 100 nm), have high encapsulation efficiency and good stability, and are capable of long-lasting slow release in vitro. The combination and preparation can reduce the toxicity and enhance the effect of EMO, and increase the toxicity and effect concentration of E-T\/LNPs in vivo. In a short period, low doses of E-T\/LNPs can be used for the treatment of liver fibrosis; high doses of E-T\/LNPs cause toxicity in vivo. Immunohistochemistry showed that E-T\/LNPs inhibited hepatic fibrosis by downregulating the levels of IL-1\u03b2 and TGF-\u03b2. Based on the advantages of combination therapy and nanotechnology, it can play a role in reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of EMO in the treatment of liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29215122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T09:11:24Z","timestamp":1730279484000},"page":"5122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Study on the Hepatotoxicity of Emodin and Its Application in the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yurou","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5989-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7445-5257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2018.17330","article-title":"Liver fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Aydin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. 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