{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:13:12Z","timestamp":1792084392336,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Undergraduate Research and Innovation Fund Project of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2023BKS150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BKS150"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Research and Innovation Fund Project of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2024210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024210"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Research and Innovation Fund Project of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship training plan of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2023BKS150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BKS150"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship training plan of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2024210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024210"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship training plan of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024"]}]},{"name":"domestic First-Class Construction Discipline of Chinese Medicine in Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2023BKS150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BKS150"]}]},{"name":"domestic First-Class Construction Discipline of Chinese Medicine in Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2024210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024210"]}]},{"name":"domestic First-Class Construction Discipline of Chinese Medicine in Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a valuable plant resource which has been used for centuries as both food and traditional Chinese medicine. It is popular in health research and markets globally. Fresh ginseng has a high moisture content and is prone to mold and rot, reducing its nutritional value without proper preservation. Drying treatments are effective for maintaining the beneficial properties of ginseng post-harvest. In this study, we investigated the effects of natural air drying (ND), hot-air drying (HAD), vacuum drying (VD), microwave vacuum drying (MVD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD) on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ginseng. The results showed that the MVD time was the shortest, followed by the VFD, VD, and HAD times, whereas the ND time was the longest, but the VFD is the most beneficial to the appearance and color retention of ginseng. A total of 72 VOCs were obtained and 68 VOCs were identified using the five drying methods based on gas chromatography\u2013ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology, including 23 aldehydes, 19 alkenes, 10 alcohols, 10 ketones, 4 esters, 1 furan, and 1 pyrazine, and the ND method was the best for retaining VOCs. GC-IMS fingerprints, principal component analysis (PCA), Euclidean distance analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and cluster analysis (CA) can distinguish ginseng from different drying methods. A total of 29 VOCs can be used as the main characteristic markers of different drying methods in ginseng. Overall, our findings provide scientific theoretical guidance for optimizing ginseng\u2019s drying methods, aromatic health effects, and flavor quality research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T09:40:54Z","timestamp":1730799654000},"page":"5235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Comparison of the Impacts of Different Drying Methods on the Volatile Organic Compounds in Ginseng"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manshu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feilin","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7915-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J., Su, Q., Hu, S., Ruan, X., and Ouyang, S. 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