{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:57:58Z","timestamp":1783011478891,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials and Green Paper Making","award":["GZKF202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZKF202102"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials and Green Paper Making","award":["ZKT19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZKT19"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles","award":["GZKF202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZKF202102"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles","award":["ZKT19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZKT19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As one of the most critical components in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), commercial polyolefin separators suffer from drawbacks such as poor thermal stability and the inability to inhibit the growth of dendrites, which seriously threaten the safety of LIBs. In this study, we prepared calcium alginate fiber\/boron nitride-compliant separators (CA@BN) through paper-making technology and the surface coating method using calcium alginate fiber and boron nitride. The CA@BN had favorable electrolyte wettability, flame retardancy, and thermal dimensional stability of the biomass fiber separator. Meanwhile, the boron nitride coating provided excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical strength for the composite separator, which inhibited the growth of lithium dendrites and enabled lithium-ion symmetric batteries to achieve more than 1000 stable and long cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA cm\u22122. The interwoven fiber mesh formed by the boron nitride coating and the calcium alginate provided multiple pathways for ion migration, which enhanced the storage capacity of the electrolyte, improved the interfacial compatibility between the separator and the electrode, widened the window of electrochemical stability, and enhanced ionic migration. This eco-friendly bio-based separator paves a new insight for the design of heat-resistance separators as well as the safe running of LIBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T11:34:11Z","timestamp":1731324851000},"page":"5311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Calcium Alginate Fibers\/Boron Nitride Composite Lithium-Ion Battery Separators with Excellent Thermal Stability and Cycling Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3706-326X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250306, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, School of Material Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, School of Material Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, School of Material Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lupeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0440-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liwen","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, School of Material Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228148","article-title":"Safety assessment of polyolefin and nonwoven separators used in lithium-ion batteries","volume":"461","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Power Source"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9664","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04989","article-title":"High-Modulus Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoplatelet Gel Electrolytes for Solid-State Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"13","author":"Hyun","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1808338","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201808338","article-title":"Anion-Sorbent Composite Separators for High-Rate Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119201","article-title":"Multi-duties for one post: Biodegradable bacterial cellulose-based separator for lithium sulfur batteries","volume":"285","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03885-6","article-title":"Copper-coordinated cellulose ion conductors for solid-state batteries","volume":"598","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16618","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm32415f","article-title":"Eco-friendly cellulose nanofiber paper-derived separator membranes featuring tunable nanoporous network channels for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"22","author":"Chun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.09.027","article-title":"Polydopamine coated electrospun poly(vinyldiene fluoride) nanofibrous membrane as separator for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"248","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Power Source"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2010.11.037","article-title":"Closely packed SiO2 nanoparticles\/poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) layers-coated polyethylene separators for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"196","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Power Source"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, J.H., Kim, H.-M., Lee, Y.-J., Esken, D., Dehe, D., Song, H.A., and Kim, D.-W. (2021). Nanostructured reactive alumina particles coated with water-soluble binder on the polyethylene separator for highly safe lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Source, 506.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2021.230119"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2011.09.086","article-title":"Enhancement of electrochemical and thermal properties of polyethylene separators coated with polyvinylidene fluoride\u2013hexafluoropropylene co-polymer for Li-ion batteries","volume":"198","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Power Source"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007717","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202007717","article-title":"Design of Robust, Lithiophilic, and Flexible Inorganic-Polymer Protective Layer by Separator Engineering Enables Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Batteries with LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 Cathode","volume":"17","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13761","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c23129","article-title":"Regulation of Li+ Diffusion via an Engineered Separator to Realize a Homogeneous Lithium Microstructure in Advanced Li-Metal Batteries","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8447","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c03106","article-title":"Stabilized Solid Electrolyte Interphase Induced by Ultrathin Boron Nitride Membranes for Safe Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"21","author":"Sheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c00629","article-title":"Natural Wood Structure Inspires Practical Lithium\u2014Metal Batteries","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2306712","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202306712","article-title":"ZnO@C Coated Cellulose-Based Separators Control Lithium Deposition Direction to Stable Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Chen, H., Huang, H., Wei, Z., and Zhao, Y. (2023). Water-soluble ammonium polyphosphate synchronously enables mechanically robust and flame-retardant cellulose composite separator for high safety lithium batteries. J. Power Source, 558.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2023.232627"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-017-1635-y","article-title":"Biocompatibility of boron nitride nanosheets","volume":"11","author":"Mateti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nong, Y., Fu, L., Zhu, J., Yang, W., Li, D., and Zhou, L. (2022). Low resistance separator with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) binder for high power thermal battery. Mater. Chem. Phys., 296.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2022.127221"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patrike, A., Karbhal, I., Wasnik, K., Torris, A., Maibam, A., Krishnamurty, S., and Shelke, M.V. (2023). High rate, high temperature, dendrite free plating\/stripping of Li in 3-dimensional honeycomb boron carbon nitride to realize an ultrastable lithium metal anode. J. Energy Storage, 68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.107547"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2020.03.004","article-title":"Constructing multi-functional Janus separator toward highly stable lithium batteries","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37354","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c05336","article-title":"Poly(ether ether ketone) Conferred Polyolefin Separators with High Dimensional Thermal Stability for Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2018.09.020","article-title":"An aqueous-only, green route to exfoliate boron nitride for preparation of high thermal conductive boron nitride nanosheet\/cellulose nanofiber flexible film","volume":"168","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.029","article-title":"Pyrolysis products and thermal degradation mechanism of intrinsically flame-retardant calcium alginate fibre","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110884","article-title":"Synergistic flame retardancy of metal-ion\/nitrogen in composite fibers prepared from all-seaweed biomass","volume":"227","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04573","article-title":"Kinetics of thermal degradation and lifetime study of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) subjected to bioethanol fuel accelerated aging","volume":"6","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3541","article-title":"Ultrathin high-temperature oxidation-resistant coatings of hexagonal boron nitride","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300654","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201300654","article-title":"Nanoporous Polymer-Ceramic Composite Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"4","author":"Tu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1039\/D3YA00260H","article-title":"SnO2\/h-BN nanocomposite modified separator as a high-efficiency polysulfide trap in lithium\u2013sulfur batteries","volume":"2","author":"Bongu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Adv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2021.124300","article-title":"Ordered stacking of oriented BN in confined space to construct effective heat transfer pathways","volume":"236","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2024.235261","article-title":"Investigating the safety of solid\/liquid hybrid elec-trolyte lithium-ion battery: A comparative study with traditional LIBs under abuse condition","volume":"620","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Power Source"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.06.058","article-title":"Ultrafast self-assembly of supramolecular hydrogels toward novel flame-retardant separator for safe lithium ion battery","volume":"649","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.12.079","article-title":"Talcum-doped composite separator with superior wettability and heatproof properties for high-rate lithium metal batteries","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Jia, G., Zhao, L., Xiang, H., Hu, Z., Xu, G., and Zhu, M. (2022). Flexible and heat-resistant polyphenylene sulfide ultrafine fiber hybrid separators for high-safety lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J., 452.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139112"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.03.205","article-title":"Electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes with varied fiber diameters and different membrane porosities as lithium-ion battery separators","volume":"236","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201906494","article-title":"Formulation of Blended-Lithium-Salt Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303344","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202303344","article-title":"Simultaneous High Ionic Conductivity and Lithium-Ion Transference Number in Single-Ion Conductor Network Polymer Enabling Fast-Charging Solid-State Lithium Battery","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.7b00792","article-title":"Promising Routes to a High Li+ Transference Number Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries","volume":"2","author":"Diederichsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H., Chen, K., Li, C., Zhou, Z., Wang, W., Deng, B., Liu, S., Qian, C., Yue, M., and Chi, Z. (2024). Zwitterion grafted polyimide separator for improving lithium-ion transport and its application in LiCoO2 batteries. Chem. Eng. J., 481.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.148577"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18239","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA04631D","article-title":"Hybrid electrolytes with an ultrahigh Li-ion transference number for lithium-metal batteries with fast and stable charge\/discharge capability","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c00040","article-title":"Thermodynamically and Physically Stable Dendrite-Free Li Interface with Layered Boron Nitride Separators","volume":"9","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, X., Fan, W., Liu, Y., Wang, Q., and Weng, L. (2022). Fabrication, Property and Application of Calcium Alginate Fiber: A Review. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14153227"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.139776","article-title":"Enhance interfacial deposition kinetics to achieve dendrite-free zinc anodes by graphene oxide modified boron nitride nanosheets","volume":"405","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18333","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c01311","article-title":"Bioinspired Separator with Ion-Selective Nanochannels for Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.2c00535","article-title":"Blade-Coatable Hexagonal Boron Nitride Ionogel Electrolytes for Scalable Production of Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"7","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7703","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CC02124H","article-title":"Chemically exfoliated boron nitride nanosheets form robust interfacial layers for stable solid-state Li metal batteries","volume":"55","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.09.009","article-title":"Engineered heat dissipation and current distribution boron nitride-graphene layer coated on polypropylene separator for high performance lithium metal battery","volume":"583","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/22\/5311\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:29:52Z","timestamp":1760113792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/22\/5311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29225311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29225311","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]}}}