{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T21:31:59Z","timestamp":1768685519317,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Jilin Province Science &amp; Technology","award":["20220402060GH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220402060GH"]}]},{"name":"Department of Jilin Province Science &amp; Technology","award":["20230203162SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230203162SF"]}]},{"name":"Department of Jilin Province Science &amp; Technology","award":["20230402020GH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230402020GH"]}]},{"name":"Department of Jilin Province Science &amp; Technology","award":["20220203054SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220203054SF"]}]},{"name":"Department of Jilin Province Science &amp; Technology","award":["20210203011SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210203011SF"]}]},{"name":"Department of Jilin Province Science &amp; Technology","award":["STHB.02.02-IP.01-0009\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STHB.02.02-IP.01-0009\/23"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["20220402060GH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220402060GH"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["20230203162SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230203162SF"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["20230402020GH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230402020GH"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["20220203054SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220203054SF"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["20210203011SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210203011SF"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["STHB.02.02-IP.01-0009\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STHB.02.02-IP.01-0009\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dye wastewater pollution, particularly from persistent and toxic polycyclic organic pollutants, such as aniline blue, poses a significant environmental challenge. Aniline blue, a triphenylmethane dye widely used in the textile, leather, paper, and pharmaceutical industries, is notoriously difficult to treat owing to its complex structure and potential for bioaccumulation. In this study, we explored the capacity of Comamonas testosteroni (CT1) to efficiently degrade aniline blue, focusing on the underlying enzymatic mechanisms and degradation pathways. Through prokaryotic transcriptome analysis, we identified a significantly upregulated short-chain dehydrogenase (SDRz) gene (log2FC = 2.11, p &lt; 0.05) that plays a crucial role in the degradation process. The SDRz enzyme possessed highly conserved motifs and a typical short-chain dehydrogenase structure. Functional validation using an SDRz-knockout strain (CT-\u0394SDRz) and an SDRz-expressioning strains (E-SDRz) confirmed that SDRz is essential for aniline blue degradation. The knockout strain CT-\u0394SDRz exhibited a 1.27-fold reduction in the degradation efficiency, compared to CT1 strain after 12 h; while the expression strain E-SDRz showed a 1.24-fold increase compared to Escherichia coli DH5\u03b1 after 12 h. Recombinant SDRz (rSDRz) was successfully produced, showing significant enzymatic activity (1.267 \u00b1 0.04 mmol\u00b7L\u22121\u00b7min\u22121 protein), with kinetic parameters Vmax = 2.870 \u00b1 0.0156 mmol\u00b7L\u207b1\u00b7min\u207b1 protein and Km = 1.805 \u00b1 0.0128 mM\u00b7mL\u22121. Under optimal conditions, the rSDRz achieved a degradation efficiency of 62.17% for aniline blue. Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified several intermediate metabolites in the degradation pathway, including benzeneacetaldehyde, a, a-diphenyl, 2-amino-4-methylbenzophenone, benzene, 1-dimethylamino-4-phenylmethyl, benzenesulfonic acid, methyl ester, further elucidating the biodegradation mechanism. These findings highlight SDRz as a critical enzyme in the biodegradation of aniline blue, offering valuable insights and a robust theoretical foundation for developing advanced bioremediation strategies to address dye wastewater pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T07:51:15Z","timestamp":1732002675000},"page":"5405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Mechanism of Aniline Blue Degradation by Short-Chain Dehydrogenase (SDRz) in Comamonas testosteroni"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Chuanzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun 130507, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Biology, Changchun Polytechnic, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8500-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elshan","family":"Musazade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2405-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmund","family":"Maser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3424-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liquan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2024.100493","article-title":"A review of dye biodegradation in textile wastewater, challenges due to wastewater characteristics, and the potential of alkaliphiles","volume":"16","author":"Aragaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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