{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:15:58Z","timestamp":1791389758766,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":288,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jack Brown and Family Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Foundation, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["2020-04407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-04407"]}]},{"name":"University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus","award":["2020-04407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-04407"]}]},{"name":"Gentmed SIA","award":["2020-04407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-04407"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microglia, the brain immune cells, support neurons by producing several established neurotrophic molecules including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Modern analytical techniques have identified numerous phenotypic states of microglia, each associated with the secretion of a diverse set of substances, which likely include not only canonical neurotrophic factors but also other less-studied molecules that can interact with neurons and provide trophic support. In this review, we consider the following eight such candidate cytokines: oncostatin M (OSM), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), activin A, colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1, interleukin (IL)-34, growth\/differentiation factor (GDF)-15, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-2. The available literature provides sufficient evidence demonstrating murine cells produce these cytokines and that they exhibit neurotrophic activity in at least one neuronal model. Several distinct types of neurotrophic activity are identified that only partially overlap among the cytokines considered, reflecting either their distinct intrinsic properties or lack of comprehensive studies covering the full spectrum of neurotrophic effects. The scarcity of human-specific studies is another significant knowledge gap revealed by this review. Further studies on these potential microglia-derived neurotrophic factors are warranted since they may be used as targeted treatments for diverse neurological disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T10:17:23Z","timestamp":1732270643000},"page":"5525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Diversity of Microglia-Derived Molecules with Neurotrophic Properties That Support Neurons in the Central Nervous System and Other Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Kennedy R.","family":"Wiens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naved","family":"Wasti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Orlando","family":"Ulloa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-6458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andis","family":"Klegeris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201709069","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"217","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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