{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T12:53:11Z","timestamp":1782564791806,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IRIS-DIBT2023","award":["PROGET_20242025_IRIS-DIBT2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROGET_20242025_IRIS-DIBT2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tattoos have been a ubiquitous phenomenon throughout history. Now, the demand for tattoo removal for aesthetic or practical reasons is growing rapidly. This study outlines the results of field investigations into the chemical and biological removal of tattoo inks (Hexadecachlorinate copper phthalocyanine\u2014C32Cl16CuN8\u2014CAS no\u00b0 1328-53-6). FTIR, Py-GC\/MS, and NMR analyses yielded intriguing profiles pertaining to the primary chemical constituents, along with others of an ambiguous nature. A bioremoval protocol was developed on a pork rind surface to simulate human tattooing. Two previously studied microbial strains were included in this analysis: (i) a bacterial culture of Pseudomonas stutzeri 5190 DSMZ viable cells and (ii) a fungal culture of Alternaria infectoria strain NIS4, the latter already isolated and identified. A combination of physical, chemical, and microbiological analyses, along with microscopic observations, was conducted. In our experimental conditions, inocula from environmental samples (soil and compost) were capable of inducing changes in even trace organic matter (glycerin and additives in pigments) used as a binder in emulsifiers in tattoo inks. Furthermore, the two microbial strains demonstrated promising potential for removing green tattoo ink. Finally, wastewater effluents containing green ink were recovered via electrochemical treatment, and the environmental impact in terms of the CO2 equivalent of our experiments was assessed. The results are promising and warrant further investigation into the innovative biological and chemical removal of tattoo inks from human skin and wastewater, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T08:38:24Z","timestamp":1732523904000},"page":"5543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigation on Tattoo Ink (Hexadecachlorinate Copper Phthalocyanine) Removal: Novel Chemical and Biological Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Ranalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, c.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4871-8762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Andreotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Perla","family":"Colombini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4158-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Corti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Innovation and Territory, University of Insubria, via Sant\u2019Abbondio 12, 22100 Como, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4526-8353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debora","family":"Paris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7032-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Rampazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Innovation and Territory, University of Insubria, via Sant\u2019Abbondio 12, 22100 Como, Italy"},{"name":"The Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council of Italy, via Roberto Cozzi 53, 20125 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1112-2041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Saviano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, c.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, Italy"},{"name":"The Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, c.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9716-9333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Caprari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, c.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1973","article-title":"In situ chemical analysis of modern organic tattooing inks and pigments by micro-Raman spectroscopy","volume":"39","author":"Poon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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