{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:56:49Z","timestamp":1788260209634,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Semyung University","award":["2023-INS-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-INS-12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sorbus commixta Hedl. is a traditional medicinal plant in Korea, China, and Japan with known antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and anti-melanin activities. However, its anti-neuroinflammatory effects remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of S. commixta fruit extracts on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated pro-inflammatory factors in BV-2 microglia. We compared the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of S. commixta fruit water extract (SFW) and 70% ethanol extract using a nitric oxide assay. Our data indicated that the SFW (25\u2013100 \u03bcg\/mL) treatment significantly inhibited excessive nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglia compared to the 70% ethanol extract. It also attenuated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1. Moreover, SFW exhibited its anti-inflammatory properties by downregulating the expression of factors involved in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and by suppressing nuclear factor kappa B. Caffeic acid was identified as a primary component of SFW showing anti-neuroinflammatory activity. These findings suggest that SFW may offer substantial therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases involving microglia activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T10:00:58Z","timestamp":1732615258000},"page":"5592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sorbus commixta Fruit Extract Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Microglia Cells via the MAPK and NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yon-Suk","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3687-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Hwa","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9303-0634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki-Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106629","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of higenamine (Hig) on LPS-activated mouse microglia (BV-2) through NF-\u03baB and Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathways","volume":"85","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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