{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:57Z","timestamp":1787029137032,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Along with the development of technology and the increasing consumption of polymeric materials, which have become an integral part of man\u2019s everyday life, problems related to their disposal are arising. The presented research concentrates on the studies on the enzymatic degradation of selected epoxy-polyurethane materials filled with 2 or 5 wt.% of waste unmodified or chemically modified through mercerization wood flour. Composites, subjected to the degradation process, contained up to 60% of raw materials of natural origin. The enzymatic degradation was carried out for 28 days, in three environmental conditions, differing in the type of applied buffer, pH, process temperature, the amount, and the type of applied enzyme. In this study, the influence of two lipases was tested (specifically: lipase of microbiological origin\u2014Rhizopus Oryzae Lipase, and one of animal origin\u2014Porcine Pancreas Lipase). There were seven compositions tested, based on the polyaddition product of epoxidized soybean oil with bisphenol A, differing in the amount of filler and the type of modification to which wood flour was subjected before the application in the polymer composite. After enzymatic degradation, the greatest progress of biodegradation was observed at T = 30 \u00b0C, in a complex phosphate buffer with pH = 6.8, in the presence of the Porcine Pancreas enzyme. Under these conditions, a slightly smaller effect was also observed in the presence of the Rhizopus Oryzae enzyme. At the same time, the compositions containing mercerized wood flour turned out to be the most susceptible to biodegradation with the above-mentioned enzymes. After conducting the process in the full 4-week cycle numerous changes were noticed within the tested sample, such as (1) 7.0 %wt. of the overall weight loss of samples, (2) reducing the value of the static contact angle (e.g., from 116.7\u00b0 before degradation to 27.2\u00b0 at the end of the study), and (3) morphological appearance of the sample (sample\u2019s surface had suffered erosion noticed as smoothest roughnesses and numerous empty holes throughout its entire volume), concerning sample\u2019s condition before enzymatic degradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T10:52:30Z","timestamp":1733223150000},"page":"5667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Studies on the Enzymatic Degradation Process of Epoxy-Polyurethane Compositions Obtained with Raw Materials of Natural Origin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9807-1891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sienkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Str. 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5823-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Czub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Str. 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.05.047","article-title":"Marine microplastic debris: An emerging issue for food security, food safety and human health","volume":"133","author":"Barboza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.059","article-title":"Challenges associated with plastic waste disposal and allied microbial routes for its effective degradation: A comprehensive review","volume":"208","author":"Moharir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"151","article-title":"Recent studies on enzyme-catalysed recycling and biodegradation of synthetic polymers","volume":"4","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kliem, S., Kreutzbruck, M., and Bonten, C. (2020). Review on the biological degradation of polymers in various environments. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13204586"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064","article-title":"Polymer biodegradation: Mechanisms and estimation techniques\u2014A review","volume":"73","author":"Lucas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Messiry, M. (2021). Green composite as an adequate material for automotive applications. Green Composites, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-9643-8_6"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"100169","article-title":"Green composites for structural applications","volume":"6","author":"Kopparthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part C"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000017","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.202000017","article-title":"Biodegradable polymers: Present opportunities and challenges in providing a microplastic-free environment","volume":"221","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R., Sharma, R., Shaqib, M., Sarkar, A., and Chauhan, K.D. (2021). Biodegradable polymers as packaging materials. Biopolymers and Their Industrial Applications, Elsevier. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819240-5.00010-9"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-020-00190-0","article-title":"Research progress for plastic waste management and manufacture of value-added products","volume":"3","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"27","article-title":"Biodegradable polymers and green-based antimicrobial packaging materials: A mini-review","volume":"3","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-020-2004-1","article-title":"Biodegradable polymers: A cure for the planet, but a long way to go","volume":"27","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2018.06.046","article-title":"3-D Magnetic Graphene Oxide-Magnetite Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Nanocomposite Substrates for Immobilizing Enzyme","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4033-0","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of Rhizopus oryzae for the production of platform chemicals","volume":"94","author":"Meussen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0229(99)00173-8","article-title":"Purification and Characterization of an Extracellular Lipase from a Thermophilic Rhizopus Oryzae Strain Isolated from Palm Fruit","volume":"26","author":"Hiol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"288","article-title":"Industrial Applications of Biocatalytic Hydrolysis (Esters, Amides, Epoxides, Nitriles) and Biocatalytic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution","volume":"Volume 9","author":"Carreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comprehensive Chirality"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.202","article-title":"Enzymatic Degradation and Biofilm Formation during Biodegradation of Polylactide and Polycaprolactone Polymers in Various Environments","volume":"176","author":"Richert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.25511","article-title":"A review on degradation mechanisms of polylactic acid: Hydrolytic, photodegradative, microbial, and enzymatic degradation","volume":"60","author":"Zaaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanushkina, N., Aleksanyan, K., Rogovina, S., and Kochkina, G. (2023). The Use of Mycelial Fungi to Test the Fungal Resistance of Polymeric Materials. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020251"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temporiti, M.E.E., Nicola, L., Nielsen, E., and Tosi, S. (2022). Fungal enzymes involved in plastics biodegradation. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061180"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanan, N., Montazer, Z., Sharma, P.K., and Levin, D.B. (2020). Microbial and enzymatic degradation of synthetic plastics. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.580709"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sienkiewicz, A., and Czub, P. (2022). A Method of Managing Waste Oak Flour as a Biocomponent for Obtaining Composites Based on Modified Soybean Oil. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15217737"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6084","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b04727","article-title":"Synthesis of High-Molecular Weight Biobased Epoxy Resins: Determination of the Course of the Process by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry","volume":"6","author":"Sienkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2017.30","article-title":"Novel bio-based epoxy-polyurethane materials from modified vegetable oils\u2014Synthesis and characterization","volume":"11","author":"Sienkiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2020.110247","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of bile acid, poly (\u03b5-caprolactone) and l-lysine diisocyanate ethyl ester based polyurethanes and investigation of their biodegradability properties","volume":"146","author":"Acik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sienkiewicz, A., and Czub, P. (2023). Functional management of waste wood flour as an example of a \u2018greener\u2019 approach towards the synthesis of bio-based epoxy resins. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15173521"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2021.108678","article-title":"Chemical and mechanical reprocessed resins and bio-composites based on five epoxidized vegetable oils thermosets reinforced with flax fibers or PLA woven","volume":"205","author":"Genua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnin, A., Pollet, E., Phalip, V., and Av\u00e9rous, L. (2020). Evaluation of biological degradation of polyurethanes. Biotechnol. Adv., 39.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2019.107457"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, J., Wei, R., Oeser, T., Dedavid e Silva, L., Breite, D., Schulze, A., and Zimmermann, W. (2017). Degradation of Polyester Polyurethane by Bacterial Polyester Hydrolases. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9020065"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2016.11.003","article-title":"Degradation of polyester polyurethane by an indigenously developed consortium of Pseudomonas and Bacillus species isolated from soil","volume":"134","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7834","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-014-8494-7","article-title":"Enzymatic degradation and radiopaque attenuation of iodinated poly (ester-urethane) s with inherent radiopacity","volume":"49","author":"Sang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5225","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01344-16","article-title":"Biodegradative activities of selected environmental fungi on a polyester polyurethane varnish and polyether polyurethane foams","volume":"82","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.03.010","article-title":"Effects of flax lignin addition on enzymatic oxidation of poly (ethylene adipate) urethanes","volume":"34","author":"Ignat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/23\/5667\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:43:04Z","timestamp":1760114584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/23\/5667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29235667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29235667","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]}}}