{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:56Z","timestamp":1787029136775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University","award":["0121RKI0178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0121RKI0178"]}]},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University","award":["DS30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS30"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["0121RKI0178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0121RKI0178"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["DS30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS30"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genus Inula has been used in folk medicine for centuries; however, the data concerning Inula britannica L. are scarce. This study aimed at investigating the chemical composition of methanolic and ethanolic extracts from the aerial parts of I. britannica collected in Kazakhstan and evaluating their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, with special attention being paid to polyphenols. The total content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the extracts was determined colorimetrically, while their qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted using HPLC\/ESI-QTOF-MS and RP-HPLC\/DAD. Their antioxidant potential was determined using the FRAP and DPPH methods, whereas their antimicrobial activity was determined by the microdilution method towards a panel of reference microorganisms, including pathogens of the human gastrointestinal tract. Chemical analysis demonstrated that the methanolic extract had a higher content of polyphenols (58.02 vs. 43.44 mg GAE\/g) and flavonoids (21.69 vs. 13.91 mg QUE\/g) than the ethanolic extract. In both extracts, 15 compounds were identified, with the highest contents being those of cynarine (13.96 and 11.68 mg\/g) and chlorogenic acid (9.22 and 5.09 mg\/g). The DPPH assay showed a higher antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract (19.78 \u00b1 0.12 mg GAE\/g) in comparison to that of the ethanolic extract (15.56 \u00b1 0.24 mg GAE\/g). Similarly, the FRAP method showed that the methanolic extract exerted a much higher antioxidant activity (5.07 \u00b1 0.18 mmol Fe2+\/g) than the ethanolic extract (0.39 \u00b1 0.01 mmol Fe2+\/g). In contrast, both extracts showed similar antimicrobial properties, with the highest activity being that against Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504 (MIC = 0.125\u20130.25 mg\/mL). This paper presents novel data on I. britannica L., implying its significance as a source of valuable active compounds and being a prerequisite for further biological studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T09:30:18Z","timestamp":1733391018000},"page":"5749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chemical Profile and Biological Properties of Methanolic and Ethanolic Extracts from the Aerial Parts of Inula britannica L. Growing in Central Asia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8665-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aktolkyn K.","family":"Ibadullayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, 88 Tole Bi Street, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Kasela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaldanay K.","family":"Kozhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, 88 Tole Bi Street, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnara M.","family":"Kadyrbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, 88 Tole Bi Street, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3154-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Widelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Lublin Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2133-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Wojtanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"J\u00f3zefczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Lublin Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1360-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Su\u015bniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5795-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Oki\u0144czyc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 211a Borowska Street, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meruyert I.","family":"Tleubayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organization and Management and Economics of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, 88 Tole Bi Street, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6779-8585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aigerim A.","family":"Karaubayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, 88 Tole Bi Street, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moldir A.","family":"Zhandabayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kazakh National Medical University, 88 Tole Bi Street, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aigerim Z.","family":"Mukhamedsadykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, 88 Tole Bi Street, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1503-7634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Malm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1934578X1701200201","article-title":"Phytochemical profile of Inula britannica from Bulgaria","volume":"12","author":"Ivanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15031562","article-title":"Secondary metabolites from Inula britannica L. and their biological activities","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"667","article-title":"Inula britannica ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury by modulating SIRT1-AMPK\/Nrf2\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Bae, Y., Yu, S., Chang, H., Hong, H., Lee, K., and Paik, D. (2019). Inula britannica fermented with probiotic Weissella cibaria D30 exhibited anti-inflammatory effect and increased viability in RAW 264.7 cells. Food Sci. Biotechnol., 29.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-019-00690-w"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.550055","article-title":"Flavonoids from Inula britannica reduces oxidative stress through inhibiting expression and phosphorylation of p47phox in VSMCs","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114125","article-title":"A review of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the flos Inulae","volume":"276","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Baytenov, M.S. (2001). Generic complex of flora. Flora of Kazakhstan, Gylym."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Grudzinskaya, L.M., Gemedzhieva, N.G., Nelina, N.V., and Karzhaubekov, Z.Z. (2014). Annotated List of Medicinal Plants of Kazakhstan, KazNMU."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.24326\/asx.2018.3.7","article-title":"Sesquiterpene lactones-occurrence and biological properties. A review","volume":"73","author":"Olesinska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agron. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27537-1_81","article-title":"Effects of Inula britannica extracts on biological activities against Tetranychus cinnabarinus and several enzyme systems in Tetranychus cinnabarinus","volume":"Volume 134","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Information Technology and Agricultural Engineering"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J.-J., Guo, C., Peng, X.-N., Guo, X.-C., Zhang, Q., Tian, J.-M., and Gao, J.-M. (2021). Chemical characterization and multifunctional neuroprotective effects of sesquiterpenoid-enriched Inula britannica flowers extract. Bioorg. Chem., 116.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.105389"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4522.2005.00012.x","article-title":"Antioxidative flavonoids from the flower of Inula britannica","volume":"12","author":"Bai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Lipids"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY00118B","article-title":"Identification and quantification of seven sesquiterpene lactones in Inula britannica by HPLC-DAD-MS","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, C.R., Lee, E.H., Jung, Y.H., Lee, J.-H., Paik, H.-D., Hong, S.-C., and Choi, S.J. (2023). Development and characterization of Inula britannica extract-loaded liposomes: Potential as anti-inflammatory functional food ingredients. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081636"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Medicinal Plants of Mongolia."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.14233\/ajchem.2020.22638","article-title":"Effect of geographic location, ontogenesis on essential oil composition and spontaneously emitted volatile organic compounds of Inula viscosa (L.) Greuter. (Astraceae) grown in Jordan","volume":"32","author":"Dabibeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.01.013","article-title":"Harvesting season dependent variation in chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oil obtained from Inula graveolens (L.) grown in Chebba (Tunisia) salt marsh","volume":"13","author":"Sellem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201400080","article-title":"Metabolomic profile of the genus Inula","volume":"12","author":"Seca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-873189","article-title":"New sesquiterpene dimers from Inula britannica inhibit NF-\u039aB activation and NO and TNF-\u03b1 production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells","volume":"72","author":"Jin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.04.010","article-title":"The genus Inula and their metabolites: From ethnopharmacological to medicinal uses","volume":"154","author":"Seca","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.06.015","article-title":"Antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of methanolic extract of Inula viscosa: Biological evaluation and POM analysis of cynarin, chlorogenic acid as potential hypertensive","volume":"93","author":"Hakkou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cioni, E., Di Stasi, M., Iacono, E., Lai, M., Quaranta, P., Luminare, A.G., Gambineri, F., De Leo, M., Pistello, M., and Braca, A. (2024). Enhancing antimicrobial and antiviral properties of Cynara scolymus L. waste through enzymatic pretreatment and lactic fermentation. Food Biosci., 57.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.103441"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/vjch.202100117","article-title":"Extraction of cynarine and chlorogenic acid from artichoke leaves (Cynara scolymus L.) and evaluation of antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity of extract","volume":"60","author":"Thang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vietnam J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2015.1018244","article-title":"Antioxidant, antiradical, and anticholinergic properties of cynarin purified from the illyrian thistle (Onopordum illyricum L.)","volume":"31","author":"Topal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, V., Taine, E.G., Meng, D., Cui, T., and Tan, W. (2024). Chlorogenic acid: A systematic review on the biological functions, mechanistic actions, and therapeutic potentials. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070924"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2678","article-title":"The antibacterial activity and mechanism of chlorogenic acid against foodborne pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, S., Gao, J., Li, Q., Guo, T., Dong, X., Bai, X., Yang, J., Hao, S., and He, F. (2020). Synergistic effect of chlorogenic acid and levofloxacin against Klebsiella pneumonia infection in vitro and in vivo. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76895-5"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9482-7","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid attenuates virulence factors and pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by regulating quorum sensing","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Pan, X., Jiang, L., Chu, Y., Gao, S., Jiang, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Luo, S., and Peng, C. (2022). The biological activity mechanism of chlorogenic acid and its applications in food industry: A review. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.943911"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.08.005","article-title":"Bioassay-guided isolation and UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS\/MS quantification of potential anti-inflammatory phenolic compounds from flowers of Inula montana L.","volume":"226","author":"Garayev","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_175_19","article-title":"Preparation of medicinal plants: Basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes","volume":"12","author":"Abubakar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.4014\/kjmb.1305.05005","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of Inula britannica flower extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceylan, R., Zengin, G., Mahomoodally, M.F., Sinan, K.I., Ak, G., Jugreet, S., Cak\u0131r, O., Ouelbani, R., Paksoy, M.Y., and Y\u0131lmaz, M.A. (2021). Enzyme inhibition and antioxidant functionality of eleven Inula species based on chemical components and chemometric insights. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 95.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2021.104225"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaves, N., Santiago, A., and Al\u00edas, J.C. (2020). Quantification of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts: Analysis of sensitivity and hierarchization based on the method used. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010076"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, W.Y., Kim, H.Y., Kim, K.T., and Paik, H.D. (2019). Inhibitory effects of Inula britannica extract fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P on coagulase activity and growth of Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains. J. Food Biochem., 43.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12785"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Antimicrobial characterization of Inula britannica against Helicobacter pylori on gastric condition","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMB"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Pastor, R., Carrera-Pacheco, S.E., Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Miranda, J., Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00f3lit, C., Mayorga-Ramos, A., Guam\u00e1n, L.P., and Barba-Ostria, C. (2023). Current landscape of methods to evaluate antimicrobial activity of natural extracts. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031068"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanova, V., Nedialkov, P., Dimitrova, P., Paunova-Krasteva, T., and Trendafilova, A. (2024). Inula salicina L.: Insights into its polyphenolic constituents and biological activity. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17070844"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s10298-011-0631-8","article-title":"Inula helenium L. (Asteraceae): Aun\u00e9e","volume":"9","author":"Ghedira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytoth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0302-4","article-title":"Hypo-pigmenting effect of sesquiterpenes from Inula britannica in B16 melanoma cells","volume":"37","author":"Choo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6049083","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6049083","article-title":"Antiaging effect of Inula britannica on aging mouse model induced by D-galactose","volume":"2016","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asraoui, F., El Mansouri, F., Cacciola, F., Brigui, J., Louajri, A., and Simonetti, G. (2023). Biofilm inhibition of Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton and Globularia alypum L. extracts against Candida infectious pathogens and in vivo action on Galleria mellonella model. Adv. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202300081"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrova, P.D., Ivanova, V., Trendafilova, A., and Paunova-Krasteva, T. (2024). Anti-biofilm and anti-quorum-sensing activity of Inula extracts: A strategy for modulating Chromobacterium violaceum virulence factors. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17050573"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malarz, J., Michalska, K., and Stojakowska, A. (2024). Polyphenols of the Inuleae-Inulinae and their biological activities: A review. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.0352.v1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02930-7","article-title":"Chemical composition, biological activities, and molecular mechanism of Inula viscosa (L.) bioactive compounds: A review","volume":"397","author":"Ouari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.04.047","article-title":"Characterization by liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry and antioxidant activity of an ethanolic extract of Inula viscosa leaves","volume":"156","author":"Serra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3393","article-title":"MS-DIAL: Data-independent MS\/MS deconvolution for comprehensive metabolome analysis","volume":"12","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sve\u010dnjak, L., Marijanovi\u0107, Z., Oki\u0144czyc, P., Marek Ku\u015b, P., and Jerkovi\u0107, I. (2020). Mediterranean propolis from the adriatic sea islands as a source of natural antioxidants: Comprehensive chemical biodiversity determined by GC-MS, FTIR-ATR, UHPLC-DAD-QqTOF-MS, DPPH and FRAP assay. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040337"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) (2003). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents by broth dilution. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 9, IX\u2013XV.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00790.x"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oki\u0144czyc, P., Widelski, J., Nowak, K., Radwan, S., W\u0142odarczyk, M., Ku\u015b, P.M., Susniak, K., and Korona-G\u0142owniak, I. (2024). Phytochemical profiles and antimicrobial activity of selected Populus spp. bud extracts. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29020437"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/23\/5749\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:47:52Z","timestamp":1760114872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/23\/5749"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29235749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29235749","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]}}}