{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T19:48:48Z","timestamp":1782416928271,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of state assignments of the N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry","award":["FWUE-2022-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWUE-2022-0005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing evidence on the adverse health impacts of microplastics (MPs) is available, but their associated risks to the well-being of humans and long-term impacts are poorly understood. An indicator of the remote effects of MPs may be their influence on the rate of aging. To assess the effects of MPs on the aging process, we used accelerated senescence OXYS rats that develop a complex of geriatric diseases. We prepared the polyethylene terephthalate MPs (2\u20136 microns in size) and in OXYS and Wistar (maternal strain) rats assessed the influence of chronic administration of MPs (10 or 100 mg\/kg per day from age 1.5 to 3.5 months,) on the hematological and biochemical blood parameters, spatial learning, and memory. In addition, the effects of MPs on the development of cataracts and retinopathy, similar to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in OXYS rats were assessed. We found that in the absence of significant changes in standard clinical blood parameters, chronic MP administration negatively affected the cognitive functions of both Wistar rats and OXYS rats. Additionally, a dose of 100 mg\/kg MPs contributed to cataract and AMD progression in OXYS rats. Our results suggest that MPs may increase the rate of aging and, in the long term, lifespan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T10:58:45Z","timestamp":1733482725000},"page":"5776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Invisible but Insidious Effects of Microplastics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Natalia A.","family":"Stefanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia S.","family":"Sotnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5841-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra E.","family":"Osechkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8803-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena V.","family":"Karpova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitriy N.","family":"Polovyanenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anzhella Zh.","family":"Fursova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"},{"name":"State Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Hospital, St. Nemirovich-Danchenko 130, 630087 Novosibirsk, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Pr. Krasny 52, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3932-2491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria A.","family":"Kiseleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3750-2958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatyana G.","family":"Tolstikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2398-8544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nataliya G.","family":"Kolosova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0057-383X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena G.","family":"Bagryanskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba3656","article-title":"Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution","volume":"369","author":"Borrelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1104","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.1104","article-title":"Understanding Human Health Impacts Following Microplastic Exposure Necessitates Standardized Protocols","volume":"4","author":"Morgan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Li, H., Chen, T., Yu, F., Lin, Q., Zhao, H., Jin, L., and Peng, R. (2024). Research Progress on Micro(nano)plastic-Induced Programmed Cell Death Associated with Disease Risks. Toxics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12070493"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-013-9265-y","article-title":"Nano-sized and micro-sized polystyrene particles affect phagocyte function","volume":"30","author":"Prietl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2015.07.004","article-title":"Intracellular dynamics and fate of polystyrene nanoparticles in A549 Lung epithelial cells monitored by image (cross-) correlation spectroscopy and single particle tracking","volume":"1853","author":"Deville","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2014.944599","article-title":"Translocation of differently sized and charged polystyrene nanoparticles in in vitro intestinal cell models of increasing complexity","volume":"9","author":"Walczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.043","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of commonly used nanomaterials and microplastics on cerebral and epithelial human cells","volume":"159","author":"Schirinzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3915","article-title":"Potential health impact of environmental micro- and nanoplastics pollution","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.104610","article-title":"Multi-endpoint toxicological assessment of polystyrene nano- and microparticles in different biological models in vitro","volume":"61","author":"Hesler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, M., and Pali\u0107, D. (2020). Micro- and nano-plastics activation of oxidative and inflammatory adverse outcome pathways. Redox Biol., 37.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101620"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134455","article-title":"Environmental exposure to microplastics: An overview on possible human health effects","volume":"702","author":"Prata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125632","article-title":"Microplastics in the human digestive environment: A focus on the potential and challenges facing in vitro gut model development","volume":"415","author":"Fournier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kannan, K., and Vimalkumar, K. (2021). A Review of Human Exposure to Microplastics and Insights Into Microplastics as Obesogens. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.724989"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131398","article-title":"Exposure to polystyrene microplastics impairs hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in mice","volume":"453","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146094","article-title":"A One Health perspective of the impacts of microplastics on animal, human and environmental health","volume":"777","author":"Prata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2023.153656","article-title":"Assessing micro- and nanoplastics toxicity using rodent models: Investigating potential mitochondrial implications","volume":"499","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2024.05.020","article-title":"Accelerated aging: The hidden harm of microplastic exposure","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1552","article-title":"SkQ1 as a Tool for Controlling Accelerated Senescence Program: Experiments with OXYS Rats","volume":"87","author":"Kolosova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2751","article-title":"Amyloid accumulation is a late event in sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology in nontransgenic rats","volume":"6","author":"Stefanova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00473-y","article-title":"Consequences of nano and microplastic exposure in rodent models: The known and unknown","volume":"19","author":"Mutter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.011","article-title":"Export of microplastics from land to sea. A modelling approach","volume":"127","author":"Siegfried","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153799","article-title":"The effects of micro- and nanoplastics on the central nervous system: A new threat to humanity?","volume":"504","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13515","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05463","article-title":"Stressor Exposures Determine Risk: Therefore, Why Do Fellow Scientists Continue To Focus on Superficial Microplastics Risk?","volume":"51","author":"Burton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900022","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.201900022","article-title":"Microplastics in the Environment: Much Ado about Nothing? A Debate","volume":"4","author":"Backhaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chall."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Zhang, B., Yao, Q., Feng, X., Shen, T., Guo, P., Wang, P., Bai, Y., Li, B., and Wang, P. (2023). Toxicological effects of micro\/nanoplastics on mouse\/rat models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public. Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1103289"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7068","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01517","article-title":"Human Consumption of Microplastics","volume":"53","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124004","article-title":"Estimation of the mass of microplastics ingested\u2014A pivotal first step towards human health risk assessment","volume":"404","author":"Senathirajah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1134\/S2079057014040146","article-title":"Senescence-accelerated OXYS rats: A genetic model of premature aging and age-related diseases","volume":"4","author":"Kolosova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1159\/000518822","article-title":"Global Incidence, Progression, and Risk Factors of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Projection of Disease Statistics in 30 Years: A Modelling Study","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133518","article-title":"Impact of nanoplastics on Alzheimer \u2018s disease: Enhanced amyloid-\u03b2 peptide aggregation and augmented neurotoxicity","volume":"465","author":"Gou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03625-z","article-title":"Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics Promotes the Progression of Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Association with Induction of Microglial Pyroptosis","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171681","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on memory and microglial activation: Insights from in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"924","author":"Paing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2031","article-title":"A novel and simple method for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanoparticle production","volume":"6","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Nano"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3390\/jox14030055","article-title":"Pollution of Beach Sands of the Ob River (Western Siberia) with Microplastics and Persistent Organic Pollutants","volume":"14","author":"Frank","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Xenobiot."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147024","article-title":"Molecular, physiological and behavioral characterization of the heterozygous Df[h15q13]\/+ mouse model associated with the human 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome","volume":"1746","author":"Rees","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-018-1589-y","article-title":"Assessment of spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze task in rodents-methodological consideration","volume":"392","author":"Gawel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw376","article-title":"Unbiased classification of spatial strategies in the Barnes maze","volume":"32","author":"Illouz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, K.A., Powell, A., Allen, G.C., and Earnest, D.J. (2022). Development of an age-dependent cognitive index: Relationship between impaired learning and disturbances in circadian timekeeping. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.991833"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/23\/5776\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:49:03Z","timestamp":1760114943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/23\/5776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29235776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29235776","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]}}}