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Although methods for encapsulating and delivering FPZ to enhance its activity and reduce side effects have been developed, there is still limited knowledge about its conjugates with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop a preparation method for stable FPZ-AuNP conjugates and to investigate their physicochemical and biological properties. FPZ-AuNP conjugates were synthesized via a ligand exchange process on the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with an average size of 17 \u00b1 5 nm. Electrokinetic measurements revealed that the zeta potential of FPZ-AuNPs is affected by both their composition and pH. The FPZ-AuNPs exhibited an isoelectric point due to the acid\u2013base properties of FPZ. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), combined with density functional theory (DFT), was used to determine the adsorption structure of FPZ after conjugation. Studies with human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) revealed that FPZ-AuNP conjugates more effectively reduced cell viability compared to citrate-stabilized AuNPs alone or free FPZ molecules. The reduction in SH-SY5Y cell viability was found to be dependent on the FPZ-AuNP concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29245948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T06:26:12Z","timestamp":1734416772000},"page":"5948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spectroscopic Properties and Biological Activity of Fluphenazine Conjugates with Gold Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9912-7973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliwia","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-3534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Piergies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5210-2349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Barbasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Podchorazych 2, PL-30084 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8788-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Niemiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow, Mickiewicza 8, PL-33100 Tarnow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2383-0926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Gnacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4721-1417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Duraczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7976-135X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"O\u0107wieja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, D., and Vale, N. 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