{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T21:30:19Z","timestamp":1785447019784,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"program \u2018Finanziamento della Ricerca di Ateneo (FRA) 2022 dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II\u2019"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candida species constitute the most common cause of fungal infections in humans; the emergence of resistance and biofilm formation by Candida species further threaten the limited availability of antifungal agents. Over the past decade, C. auris has caused significant outbreaks worldwide and has emerged as a human pathogenic fungus that causes diseases ranging from superficial to life-threatening disseminated infections. Despite the recent advances in antifungal research, the mechanisms of drug resistance in C. auris remain poorly understood even as its ability to form biofilms poses a significant therapeutic challenge. The purpose of this research was to elucidate the fungal properties of Sphaeropsidin A (SphA), a secondary metabolite derived from Diplodia fungi, with a specific focus on its efficacy against C. auris. This study revealed that SphA and its liposomal encapsulated (SphA-L) form are fungistatic with time-kill kinetics highlighting their efficacy and significantly inhibited the formation of C. auris biofilms. Our investigation into the antifungal mechanism of this drug revealed notable alterations in ROS production and the disruption of the Candida cell cycle. Our findings show that SphA-L impairs key pathogenic traits of C. auris, such as its ability to adhere to human epithelial cell lines, while exhibiting no harmful effects on human cells, highlighting its potential as a future therapeutic agent. In Caenorhabditis elegans infection models, both ShpA and SphA-L displayed effective antifungal activity, significantly reducing the C. auris fungal load and improving nematode survival rates, underscoring their promise as antifungal candidates. Overall, the potent antifungal effects of SphA and SphA-L against C. auris encourage further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29245949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T06:26:12Z","timestamp":1734416772000},"page":"5949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sphaeropsidin A Loaded in Liposomes to Reduce Its Cytotoxicity and Preserve Antifungal Activity Against Candida auris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9820-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Buonanno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8318-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2163-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Bellavita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo Emiliano","family":"Imb\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Universit\u00e0 100, 80055 Portici, Italy"},{"name":"CIRPeB, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides \u201cCarlo Pedone\u201d, University of Naples Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6805-0408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3049-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Nicoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Olive, Fruit, and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4981-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Maione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6538-8585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annarita","family":"Falanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Universit\u00e0 100, 80055 Portici, 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