{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:39:06Z","timestamp":1788885546807,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010751","name":"Fondecyt Regular Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1220093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1220093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Investigaciones of Universidad del Norte","award":["1220093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1220093"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scaffolds for regenerative therapy can be made from natural or synthetic polymers, each offering distinct benefits. Natural biopolymers like chitosan (CS) are biocompatible and biodegradable, supporting cell interactions, but lack mechanical strength. Synthetic polymers like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) provide superior mechanical strength and cost efficiency but are not biodegradable or supportive of cell adhesion. Combining these polymers optimizes their advantages while adding metal oxide nanoparticles like calcium oxide (CaO NPs) enhances antimicrobial properties by damaging bacterial membranes. In this study, we obtained the formation of CaO NPs by calcinating eggshells, which were mixed in a polymeric network of CS and PVA to obtain four different membrane formulations for subdermal tissue regeneration. The spherical nanoparticles measured 13.43 \u00b1 0.46 nm in size. Their incorporation into the membranes broadened the hydroxyl bands in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis at 3331 cm\u207b1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed changes in the crystalline structure, with new diffraction peaks at 2\u03b8 values of 7.2\u00b0 for formulations F2, F3, and F4, likely due to the increased amorphous nature and concentration of CaO NPs. Additionally, higher CaO NPs concentrations led to a reduction in thermal properties and crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a heterogeneous morphology with needle-like structures on the surface, resulting from the uniform dispersion of CaO NPs among the polymer chains and the solvent evaporation process. A histological examination of the implanted membranes after 60 days indicated their biocompatibility and biodegradability, facilitated by incorporating CaO NPs. During the degradation process, the material fragmented and was absorbed by inflammatory cells, which promoted the proliferation of collagen fibers and blood vessels. These findings highlight the potential of incorporating CaO NPs in soft tissue regeneration scaffolds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30020276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T05:40:40Z","timestamp":1736746840000},"page":"276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Histology Assessment of Chitosan\u2013Polyvinyl Alcohol Scaffolds Incorporated with CaO Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6243-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos David","family":"Grande-Tovar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Fotoqu\u00edmica y Fotobiolog\u00eda, Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico, Carrera 30 N\u00famero 8-49, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-6598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Ivan","family":"Castro Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tribology, Polymers, Powder Metallurgy and Solid Waste Transformations Research Group, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali 760001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lemy Vanessa","family":"Barba-Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Fotoqu\u00edmica y Fotobiolog\u00eda, Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico, Carrera 30 N\u00famero 8-49, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3361-6226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula A.","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Pol\u00edmeros, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170020, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9662-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Insuasty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad del Norte, Km 5 V\u00eda Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4892-9786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos-Humberto","family":"Valencia-Llano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Biomateriales Dentales, Escuela de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B # 36-00, Cali 760001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2021.101553","article-title":"A Network Analysis of Angiogenesis\/Osteogenesis-Related Growth Factors in Bone Tissue Engineering Based on in-Vitro and in-Vivo Data: A Systems Biology Approach","volume":"72","author":"Beheshtizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102402","article-title":"Use of Polycaprolactone in Corneal Tissue Engineering: A Review","volume":"27","author":"Salehi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. 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