{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:39:51Z","timestamp":1790289591130,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003336","name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KP-06 PN61-8\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06 PN61-8\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many biologically active compounds have been identified in the mucus of the garden snail Cornu aspersum, which are effective in the treatment of several diseases such as cancer, ulcers, wounds, etc. The incorporation of these compounds into the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuONPs-Muc) was demonstrated in our previous study. Based on the synergistic effect of two reducing agents\u2014C. aspersum snail mucus and ascorbic acid (AsA)\u2014on CuSO4.5H2O, which also act as stabilizers of the resulting compound, a new method for the \u201cgreen\u201d synthesis of CuONPs-Muc is presented. Using two reducing agents has several advantages, such as forming spherical nanoparticles with a diameter of about 150 nm and reducing the formation time of CuONPs-Muc to 3 h. Analyses by ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) show the formation of CuONPs-Muc, composed of a mixture of copper and copper oxide. This was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM\/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Another important advantage of CuONPs obtained by the new method with two reducing agents is the stronger inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth of some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, compared to CuONPs-Muc prepared with only one reducing agent, i.e., a fraction of mucus with an MW &gt; 20 kDa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30020291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T09:49:17Z","timestamp":1736761757000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Green Synthesis of Antibacterial CuO Nanoparticles Based on the Synergy Between Cornu aspersum Snail Mucus and Ascorbic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Todorova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4293-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelina","family":"Kosateva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Center of Competence \u201cClean Technologies for Sustainable Environment\u2014Water, Waste, Energy for Circular Economy\u201d, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2995-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ventsislava","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology (SU-BF), Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1504 Sofia, 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