{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:23:40Z","timestamp":1790148220446,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the effectiveness of three choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) formed using malonic acid (MalA), glycerol (Gly), and glucose (Glu) as hydrogen bond donors and two conventional solvents (50% methanol and 50% ethanol) for ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant compounds from four herbs (chamomile, lemon balm, nettle, and spearmint) were estimated. The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the obtained herb extracts was determined by the modified 2,2\u2032-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Profiles of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides in the green and conventional herb extracts were quantitatively analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Among the prepared DESs, the highest antioxidant potential and total contents of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides in herb extracts were achieved using ChCl:MalA (1:1). Unexpectedly, the selected green solvents extracted significantly lower amounts of total antioxidants from the investigated herbs than 50% alcohols. Additionally, macroelements (K, Na, Ca, Mg), micronutrients (Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu), and a toxic element (Cd) in four herbs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma\u2013mass spectrometry (ICP\u2013MS). Determining the compositions of antioxidants and elements in herbs is essential for understanding their nutritive importance when applied in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30020368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T11:24:56Z","timestamp":1737113096000},"page":"368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Elements in Herbs: Effectiveness of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0356-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Szyd\u0142owska-Czerniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kowaluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Office of Measures, Laboratory of Electrochemical and Inorganic Analyzes, Department of Physical and Environmental Chemistry, 00-139 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Strzelec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Office of Measures, Laboratory of Electrochemical and Inorganic Analyzes, Department of Physical and Environmental Chemistry, 00-139 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4304-1625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Sawicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7236-0369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Ta\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Plant Chemistry and Processing, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.18-0418","article-title":"Health benefits of culinary herbs and spices","volume":"102","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2023.100849","article-title":"History of safe use of herbs-approaches for documenting evidence","volume":"15","author":"Narayana","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.34172\/jhp.2021.17","article-title":"The role of herbal medicines in health care quality and the related challenges","volume":"10","author":"Mirzaeian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Herbmed Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.05.028","article-title":"Natural bioactive products as promising therapeutics: A review of natural product-based drug development","volume":"151","author":"Aware","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2174\/1872213X12666180815144803","article-title":"Prevention of cardiovascular diseases with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nutraceuticals and herbal products: An overview of pre-clinical and clinical studies","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bommakanti, V., Ajikumar, A.P., Sivi, C.M., Prakash, G., Mundanat, A.S., Ahmad, F., Haque, S., Prieto, M.A., and Rana, S.S. (2023). An overview of herbal nutraceuticals, their extraction, formulation, therapeutic effects and potential toxicity. Separations, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations10030177"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab034","article-title":"The effect of herbs and spices on risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases: A review of human clinical trials","volume":"80","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.14218\/FIM.2023.00086","article-title":"Exploring the safety, efficacy, and bioactivity of herbal medicines: Bridging traditional wisdom and modern science in healthcare","volume":"3","author":"Balkrishna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2018.03.001","article-title":"New perspective in extraction of plant biologically active compounds by green solvents","volume":"109","author":"Bubalo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3934\/molsci.2024010","article-title":"Bioactive compounds from plants and by-products: Novel extraction methods, applications, and limitations","volume":"11","author":"Zaky","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIMS Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.11.019","article-title":"Extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials using combination of various novel methods: A review","volume":"119","author":"Jha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Camargo, A.P., Montero, L., Mendiola, J.A., Herrero, M., and Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, E. (2020). Novel extraction techniques for bioactive compounds from herbs and spices. Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants: Processing, Health Benefits and Safety, Wiley Press.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119036685.ch5"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.25163\/ahi.6121072","article-title":"Optimizing extraction techniques for maximized bioactive compound yield in medicinal herbs","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. Herb. Insight"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140456","article-title":"Extraction of polyphenols and essential oils from herbs with green extraction methods\u2014An insightful review","volume":"460","author":"Hanula","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106646","article-title":"A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies","volume":"101","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2020.10.009","article-title":"Increase the yield of bioactive compounds from elder bark and annatto seeds using ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction technologies","volume":"125","author":"Bachtler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, R., Barbosa, A., Advinha, B., Sales, H., Pontes, R., and Nunes, J. (2023). Green extraction techniques of bioactive compounds: A state-of-the-art review. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11082255"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.114047","article-title":"Application of deep eutectic solvents for separation and determination of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants","volume":"172","author":"Kalyniukova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svigelj, R., Dossi, N., Grazioli, C., and Toniolo, R. (2021). Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their application in biosensor development. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134263"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11060","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300162p","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their applications","volume":"114","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.05.012","article-title":"New horizons in the extraction of bioactive compounds using deep eutectic solvents: A review","volume":"979","author":"Hayyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serna-V\u00e1zquez, J., Ahmad, M.Z., Boczkaj, G., and Castro-Mu\u00f1oz, R. (2021). Latest insights on novel deep eutectic solvents (DES) for sustainable extraction of phenolic compounds from natural sources. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26165037"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2023.101102","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvents for extraction of functional components from plant-based products: A promising approach","volume":"33","author":"Bashir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127445","article-title":"Choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents as green extractants for the isolation of phenolic compounds from biomass","volume":"309","author":"Alam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.05.002","article-title":"Multi-element analysis of mineral and trace elements in medicinal herbs and their infusions","volume":"135","author":"Pytlakowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.617359","article-title":"Herbal infusions as a source of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper in human nutrition","volume":"63","author":"Suliburska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavrinenko, Y., Plieva, A., Chaligava, O., Grozdov, D., Frontasyeva, M., Tkachenko, K., and Zinicovscaia, I. (2024). Elemental analysis of five medicinal plants species growing in North Ossetia using neutron activation analysis. Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14061269"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-019-02215-8","article-title":"Heavy metal stress and responses in plants","volume":"16","author":"Ghori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2016.11.001","article-title":"Selected secondary metabolites in Echium vulgare L. populations from nonmetalliferous and metalliferous areas","volume":"133","author":"Dresler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Arce, E., and Sald\u00edas, M. (2021). Antioxidant properties of flavonoid metal complexes and their potential inclusion in the development of novel strategies for the treatment against neurodegenerative diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112236"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tymczewska, A., Klebba, J., and Szyd\u0142owska-Czerniak, A. (2023). Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of spice extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction using deep eutectic and conventional solvents. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13126987"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siamandoura, P., and Tzia, C. (2023). Comparative study of novel methods for olive leaf phenolic compound extraction using NADES as solvents. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010353"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.3c00706","article-title":"Choline chloride- and organic acids-based deep eutectic solvents: Exploring chemical and thermophysical properties","volume":"69","author":"Pinho","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y.T., Chua, A.S.M., and Ngoh, G.C. (2020). Deep eutectic solvent for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation and the subsequent conversion to bio-based products\u2014A review. Bioresour. Technol., 297.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122522"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamieau, M., Loulergue, P., and Szyd\u0142owska-Czerniak, A. (2024). Green solvent extraction of antioxidants from herbs and agro-food wastes: Optimization and capacity determination. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14072936"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2023.2244194","article-title":"Optimized conditions for extraction, quantification and detection of bioactive compound from Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) using the deep eutectic solvents, ultra-sonication and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS\/MS)","volume":"26","author":"Koraqi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"120","article-title":"Novel lactic acid-based natural deep eutectic solvents: Efficiency in the ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidant polyphenols from common native Greek medicinal plants","volume":"3","author":"Bakirtzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130226","article-title":"The evaluation of phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Mentha piperita extracts obtained by natural deep eutectic solvents","volume":"362","author":"Potkonjak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118559","article-title":"Natural deep eutectic solvents-mediated extraction of rosmarinic acid from Lamiaceae plants: Enhanced extractability and anti-inflammatory potential","volume":"214","author":"Uka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2021.03.011","article-title":"Extraction of phenolic compounds: A review","volume":"4","author":"Alara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.05.111","article-title":"Green extraction of polyphenols from grapefruit peels using high voltage electrical discharges, deep eutectic solvents and aqueous glycerol","volume":"295","author":"Rajha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2021.100224","article-title":"Comparative phenolic content and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plant extracts prepared by choline chloride-based green solvents and methanol","volume":"4","author":"Choudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pani\u0107, M., Radovi\u0107, M., Bubalo, M.C., Rado\u0161evi\u0107, K., Rogo\u0161i\u0107, M., Coutinho, J.A.P., Redovnikovi\u0107, I.R., and Tu\u0161ek, A.J. (2022). Prediction of pH value of aqueous acidic and basic deep eutectic solvents using COSMO-RS \u03c3 profiles\u2019 molecular descriptors. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144489"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaves, J.O., de Souza, M.C., Da Silva, L.C., Lachos-Perez, D., Torres-Mayanga, P.C., Machado, A.P.D.F., Forster-Carneiro, T., V\u00e1zquez-Espinosa, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-De-Peredo, A.V., and Barbero, G.F. (2020). Extraction of flavonoids from natural sources using modern techniques. Front. Chem., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.507887"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.114595","article-title":"Choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents for the extraction and stability of phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant capacity from Citrus sinensis peel","volume":"177","author":"Blesa","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalyniukova, A., V\u00e1rfalvyov\u00e1, A., P\u0142otka-Wasylka, J., Majchrzak, T., Mako\u015b-Che\u0142stowska, P., Tom\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e1, I., Pe\u0161kov\u00e1, V., Pastierovi\u010d, F., Jiro\u0161ov\u00e1, A., and Andruch, V. (2024). Deep eutectic solvent-based shaking-assisted extraction for determination of bioactive compounds from Norway spruce roots. Front. Chem., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1385844"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.117975","article-title":"Extraction of phenolic compounds from rose-mary using choline chloride\u2013based deep eutectic solvents","volume":"258","author":"Wojeicchowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazovi\u0107, M., Cvijeti\u0107, I., Jankov, M., Milojkovi\u0107-Opsenica, D., Trifkovi\u0107, J., and Ristivojevi\u0107, P. (2022). Efficiency of natural deep eutectic solvents to extract phenolic compounds from Agrimonia eupatoria: Experimental study and in silico modeling. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11182346"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.10.012","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)","volume":"44","author":"Roby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vo, T.P., Pham, T.V., Weina, K., Tran, T.N.H., Vo, L.T.V., Nguyen, P.T., Bui, T.L.H., Phan, T.H., and Nguyen, D.Q. (2023). Green extraction of phenolics and flavonoids from black mulberry fruit using natural deep eutectic solvents: Optimization and surface morphology. BMC Chem., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-023-01041-x"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22581","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NJ04936H","article-title":"Simultaneous extraction of total polyphenols and triterpenes from leaves of Celtis sinensis by deep eutectic solvent hybrid system combined with response surface methodology","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.115407","article-title":"Green ultrasound-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent extraction of phenolic compounds from waste broccoli leaves: Optimization, identification, biological activity, and structural characterization","volume":"190","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.105537","article-title":"Choline chloride-urea-based natural deep eutectic solvent for highly efficient extraction of polyphenolic antioxidants from Pluchea indica (L.) Less leaves","volume":"17","author":"Hikmawanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18096","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NJ03313A","article-title":"Natural deep eutectic solvent extraction of chlorogenic acid from Eucommia leaves: High extractability, stability, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity","volume":"47","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meraj, A., Jawaid, M., Singh, S.P., Nasef, M.M., Ariffin, H., Fouad, H., and Abu-Jdayil, B. (2024). Isolation and characterisation of lignin using natural deep eutectic solvents pretreated kenaf fibre biomass. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59200-6"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264892","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7264892","article-title":"Levels of essential elements in different medicinal plants determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","volume":"2018","author":"Brima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Joint FAO World Health Organization, and WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (2011). Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants: Seventy-Third [73rd] Report of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.104510","article-title":"Natural deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted extraction in the medicinal herb sample preparation and elemental determination by ICP OES","volume":"109","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113324","article-title":"In vitro anticholinergic and antiglycaemic properties of frost-hardy Actinidia fruit extracts and their polyphenol profile, L-ascorbic acid content and antioxidant capacity","volume":"173","author":"Sawicki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-024-01180-z","article-title":"The profile and content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant and anti-glycation properties of root extracts of selected medicinal herbs","volume":"79","author":"Chociej","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/2\/368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:30:49Z","timestamp":1759919449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/2\/368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30020368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30020368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]}}}