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It is incorporated into polypeptides such as selenocysteine (SeC) and selenomethionine (SeMet), two key amino acids involved in various biochemical processes. All living organisms can convert inorganic Se into biologically active organic forms, with SeMet being the predominant form and a precursor for SeC production in humans and animals. The human genome encodes 25 selenoprotein genes, which incorporate low-molecular-weight Se compounds in the form of SeC. Organic Se, especially in the form of selenoproteins, is more efficiently absorbed than inorganic Se, driving the demand for selenoprotein-based health products, such as functional foods. Se-enriched functional foods offer a practical means of delivering bioavailable Se and are associated with enhanced antioxidant properties and various health benefits. Recent advancements in selenoprotein synthesis have improved our understanding of their roles in antioxidant defense, cancer prevention, immune regulation, anti-inflammation, hypoglycemia, cardiovascular health, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, fertility, and COVID-19. This review highlights key selenoproteins and their biological functions, biosynthetic pathways, and emerging applications while highlighting the need for further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T04:19:51Z","timestamp":1737433191000},"page":"437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Selenium and Selenoproteins: Mechanisms, Health Functions, and Emerging Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"family":"Shahidin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Chemistry, College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Chemistry, College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Chemistry, College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taixia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Chemistry, College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Chemistry, College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Chemistry, College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiangqiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources, Environment, and Chemistry, Chuxiong Normal University, No. 546 S Rd. Lucheng, Chuxiong 675099, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2367-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengting","family":"Zi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Chemistry, College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.2174\/0113895575302440240219053006","article-title":"Advances in the Synthesis and Bioactivity of Polysaccharide Selenium Nanoparticles: A Review","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. 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