{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:48:49Z","timestamp":1790207329783,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., through National Funds","award":["UID\/DTP\/04138\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/DTP\/04138\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular diseases affecting the anterior and posterior segments of the eye are major causes of global vision impairment. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and neuroprotective properties, making it a promising candidate for ocular therapy. However, its clinical use is hindered by low aqueous solubility, poor bioavailability, and rapid systemic elimination. This review comprehensively highlights advances in curcumin delivery systems aimed at overcoming these challenges. Emerging platforms, including proniosomal gels, transferosomes, and cyclodextrin complexes, have improved solubility, permeability, and ocular retention. Nanoparticle-based carriers, such as hybrid hydrogels and biodegradable nanoparticles, enable sustained release and targeted delivery, supporting treatments for posterior segment diseases like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. For anterior segment conditions, including keratitis and dry eye syndrome, cyclodextrin-based complexes and mucoadhesive systems enhance corneal permeability and drug retention. Mechanistically, curcumin modulates key pathways, such as NF-\u03baB and TLR4, reducing oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Emerging strategies like photodynamic therapy and neuroprotective approaches broaden their application to eyelid conditions and neuroinflammatory ocular diseases. These advancements address curcumin\u2019s pharmacokinetic limitations, supporting its clinical translation into ophthalmic therapies. This work underscores curcumin\u2019s potential in ocular disease management and advocates clinical trials to validate its safety, efficacy, and therapeutic relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T11:47:32Z","timestamp":1737460052000},"page":"457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Curcumin in Ophthalmology: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Emerging Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3498-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmologist, Centro Hospitalar de Set\u00fabal and Hospital da Luz Set\u00fabal, 2900-722 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Cabral-Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05542-0","article-title":"Role of Curcumin in Retinal Diseases\u2014A Review","volume":"260","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. 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