{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:02:32Z","timestamp":1783742552249,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52174014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52174014"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52474021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52474021"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52288101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52288101"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation Basic Science Center","award":["52174014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52174014"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation Basic Science Center","award":["52474021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52474021"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation Basic Science Center","award":["52288101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52288101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wellbore instability caused by the invasion of drilling fluids into formations remains a significant challenge in the application of oil-based drilling fluids (ODFs). In this study, carbon nanospheres (CNSs) were synthesized using glucose as the carbon source through a microwave-assisted method. The effects of the reaction temperature, carbon source concentration, and reaction time on the particle size of CNSs were systematically investigated. The results revealed that under optimal conditions, CNSs with an average particle size of 670 nm were successfully synthesized, exhibiting high sphericity and excellent dispersibility. CNSs demonstrated stable dispersion in mineral oil when lecithin was used as a dispersant. The plugging performance of CNSs in ODFs was evaluated through low-pressure filtration and high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) filtration tests. After aging at 180 \u00b0C for 16 h, the addition of 2% CNSs reduced the filtration volume from 10.6 mL to 2.5 mL on standard filter paper (average pore size: 3 \u03bcm) and from 8.5 mL to 1.6 mL on microporous membranes (average pore size: 0.5 \u03bcm). Additionally, the HTHP filtration volume decreased from 73 mL to 18 mL, and the permeability of the filter cake formed during HTHP filtration was reduced from 26.5 \u00d7 10\u22123 mD to 1.2 \u00d7 10\u22123 mD. Furthermore, CNSs improved the rheological properties and emulsion stability of ODFs. With excellent compatibility and applicability, CNSs offer a promising solution for enhancing the performance of oil-based drilling fluids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T11:47:32Z","timestamp":1737460052000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Carbon Nanospheres and Their Application as Plugging Agents for Oil-Based Drilling Fluids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3060-2171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaihe","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Development Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8328-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haokun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Development Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Ltd., Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Chun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Development Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Development Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianbin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Development Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Development Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Ltd., Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40095-020-00367-9","article-title":"Twelve years of unconventional oil and gas development: Production performance and economic analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wigwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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