{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:39:30Z","timestamp":1794029970884,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS48"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS48"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to assess the antidepressant efficacy of a novel imipramine\u2013magnesium (IMI\u2013Mg) complex in comparison to the administration of imipramine and magnesium individually. The study utilized adult male albino Swiss mice. Behavioral assessments were conducted using the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). A locomotor activity test was conducted to exclude false positive results in the FST and TST. Moreover, the study assessed oxidative stress levels in the mice subjected to acute environmental stress by measuring glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, total oxidant status, and total antioxidant status. The administration of the IMI\u2013Mg complex at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg\/kg resulted in a reduction in immobility time in both behavioral tests, thereby indicating the antidepressant-like potential of the tested complex, which was similar to the one observed after the administration of these two compounds as separate drug forms. The efficacy of the novel IMI\u2013Mg complex represents a significant advancement and provides a foundation for future research. This innovative agent has the potential to enhance the safety profile of the therapy, streamline the treatment protocol, improve patient satisfaction, and promote adherence to the therapeutic regimen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T12:24:09Z","timestamp":1737635049000},"page":"519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Novel Imipramine\u2013Magnesium Complex Exerts Antidepressant-like Activity in Mice Subjected to the Forced Swim Test and the Tail Suspension Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5732-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Serefko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chod\u017aki Street, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1722-6255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Lachowicz-Radulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chod\u017aki Street, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7756-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Szopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chod\u017aki Street, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8975-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariola","family":"Herbet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Chod\u017aki Street, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7157-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Czylkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 \u017beromskiego, PL 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ignatiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chod\u017aki Street, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Do\u0142oto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club, Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Chod\u017aki Street, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6863-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadeta","family":"Szewczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Sm\u0119tna Street, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Wo\u015bko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chod\u017aki Street, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5772-0573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Wr\u00f3bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9915-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Szponar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Toxicology and Cardiology, Stefan Wyszynski Regional Specialist Hospital in Lublin, 100 Al. Kra\u015bnicka, PL 20-550 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Toxicology Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, 100 Al. Kra\u015bnicka, PL 20-550 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5389-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Wla\u017a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, 19 Akademicka, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9383-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Ska\u0142ecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Commodity Science and Processing of Raw Animal Materials, University of Life Sciences, 13 Akademicka Street, PL 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Wr\u00f3bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Al. Rac\u0142awickie, PL 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"S\u0142otwi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Al. Rac\u0142awickie, PL 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4359-3953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Poleszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chod\u017aki Street, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01519.x","article-title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Recurrence of Major Depressive Disorder in the Adult Population","volume":"122","author":"Hardeveld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02700-0","article-title":"Treatment-Resistant Depression in Real-World Clinical Practice: A Systematic Literature Review of Data from 2012 to 2022","volume":"41","author":"Bobrowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2023.103804","article-title":"Promising New Pharmacological Targets for Depression: The Search for Efficacy","volume":"28","author":"Tsugiyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2013-000390","article-title":"Drug\u2013Drug Combinations Revisited","volume":"21","author":"Bjerrum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2208275","article-title":"Polypill Strategy in Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention","volume":"387","author":"Castellano","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinosa, E.V.P., Matute, E.M., Sosa Guzm\u00e1n, D.M., and Khasawneh, F.T. (2024). The Polypill: A New Alternative in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113179"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2024.132003","article-title":"Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Pros & Cons","volume":"406","author":"Manzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223221102754","article-title":"Single-Pill Fixed-Dose Drug Combinations to Reduce Blood Pressure: The Right Pill for the Right Patient","volume":"13","author":"Sarzani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2023.2297095","article-title":"Fixed-Dose Antiretroviral Combinations in Children Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1): A Systematic Review","volume":"36","author":"Attaianese","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2174\/011570162X307740240604115154","article-title":"Pill Burden: A Major Barrier to HAART Adherence and Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCS) as Its Solution\u2014A Mini-Review","volume":"22","author":"Simon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02018-3","article-title":"Relugolix\/Estradiol\/Norethisterone Acetate: A Review in Endometriosis-Associated Pain","volume":"84","author":"Blair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2024.2382671","article-title":"Ibuprofen\/Acetaminophen Fixed-Dose Combination as an Alternative to Opioids in Management of Common Pain Types","volume":"136","author":"Kushner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e33320","article-title":"Fixed Dose Versus Loose Dose: Analgesic Combinations","volume":"15","author":"Pergolizzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2396024","article-title":"Cutting-Edge Pharmacotherapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1697674","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed Dose Combination Tablet of Asunaprevir + Beclabuvir + Daclatasvir for the Treatment of Hepatitis C","volume":"21","author":"Zappulo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2023.2276180","article-title":"Canagliflozin + Metformin ER for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: The Evidence to Date","volume":"24","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-023-01142-x","article-title":"Fixed Combination for the Treatment of Dyslipidaemia","volume":"25","author":"Ferri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marwa, K., Kapesa, A., Baraka, V., Konje, E., Kidenya, B., Mukonzo, J., Kamugisha, E., and Swedberg, G. (2022). Therapeutic Efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine, Artesunate-Amodiaquine and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264339"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00180612","article-title":"Fixed-Dose Combination Antituberculosis Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Albanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01389-7","article-title":"Decitabine\/Cedazuridine: First Approval","volume":"80","author":"Dhillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666241232264","article-title":"Albuterol\u2013Budesonide Fixed-Dose Combination Rescue Inhaler for Asthma: A Plain Language Summary of the MANDALA Study","volume":"18","author":"Papi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2022.2134113","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of LAMA\/LABA Inhaled Therapy Combinations for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Clinical Overview","volume":"15","author":"Matera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02035-2","article-title":"Cefepime\/Enmetazobactam: First Approval","volume":"84","author":"Keam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, F., Costa, G., Veiga, F., Cardoso, C., and Paiva-Santos, A.C. (2023). Parenteral Ready-to-Use Fixed-Dose Combinations Including NSAIDs with Paracetamol or Metamizole for Multimodal Analgesia\u2014Approved Products and Challenges. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16081084"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"s5","article-title":"Real-World Evidence on the Use of Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate Aerosol Foam 0.005%\/0.064% in the Treatment of Psoriasis: A Review of Investigator-Initiated Studies Around the Globe","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.8148","article-title":"Treatments for Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Harper","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1826928","article-title":"Current and Emerging Fixed Combination Therapies in Glaucoma: A Safety and Tolerability Review","volume":"19","author":"Konstas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01233-7","article-title":"Elexacaftor\/Ivacaftor\/Tezacaftor: First Approval","volume":"79","author":"Hoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.23.1081","article-title":"Dextromethorphan-Bupropion (Auvelity) for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"21","author":"McCarthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgartner, A., Drame, K., Geutjens, S., and Airaksinen, M. (2020). Does the Polypill Improve Patient Adherence Compared to Its Individual Formulations? A Systematic Review. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020190"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fixed Dose Combination Product: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Pundlikrao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Nov. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"363","article-title":"Combining Antidepressants","volume":"26","author":"Dunner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"45","article-title":"Augmentation with Atypical Antipsychotics for Treatment-Resistant Depression","volume":"280 Pt A","author":"Ciappolino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304145","article-title":"Esketamine Nasal Spray versus Quetiapine for Treatment-Resistant Depression","volume":"389","author":"Reif","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.4313","article-title":"Combining Antidepressants vs Antidepressant Monotherapy for Treatment of Patients With Acute Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"79","author":"Henssler","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szopa, A., Herbet, M., Poleszak, E., Serefko, A., Czylkowska, A., Pi\u0105tkowska-Chmiel, I., Kasperek, K., Wr\u00f3bel, A., Prewencka, P., and Szewczyk, B. (2023). Evaluation of Antidepressive-like Behaviours and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Mice Receiving Imipramine-Zinc Complex Compound. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814157"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Case, D.R., Zubieta, J., and Doyle, R.P. (2020). The Coordination Chemistry of Bio-Relevant Ligands and Their Magnesium Complexes. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143172"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9610","DOI":"10.1039\/C5DT01173F","article-title":"Synthesis and Catalytic Application of Magnesium Complexes Bearing Pendant Indolyl Ligands","volume":"44","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vos, C.F., Aarnoutse, R.E., Op de Coul, M.J.M., Spijker, J., Groothedde-Kuyvenhoven, M.M., Mihaescu, R., Wessels-Basten, S.J.W., Rovers, J.J.E., Ter Hark, S.E., and Schene, A.H. (2021). Tricyclic Antidepressants for Major Depressive Disorder: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Current Practice in the Netherlands. BMC Psychiatry, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03490-x"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botturi, A., Ciappolino, V., Delvecchio, G., Boscutti, A., Viscardi, B., and Brambilla, P. (2020). The Role and the Effect of Magnesium in Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061661"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkland, A.E., Sarlo, G.L., and Holton, K.F. (2018). The Role of Magnesium in Neurological Disorders. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060730"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moabedi, M., Aliakbari, M., Erfanian, S., and Milajerdi, A. (2023). Magnesium Supplementation Beneficially Affects Depression in Adults with Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Front. Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1333261"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2018.0442","article-title":"The Role of Magnesium and Zinc in Depression: Similarities and Differences","volume":"31","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.114","article-title":"Dietary Magnesium Intake and Risk of Depression","volume":"246","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2015.7","article-title":"Dietary Magnesium Deficiency Alters Gut Microbiota and Leads to Depressive-like Behaviour","volume":"27","author":"Winther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou, M.-H., Yang, Y.K., Wang, J.-D., Lin, C.-Y., and Lin, S.-H. (2023). The Association of Serum and Dietary Magnesium with Depressive Symptoms. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030774"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarleton, E.K., Kennedy, A.G., Rose, G.L., Crocker, A., and Littenberg, B. (2019). The Association between Serum Magnesium Levels and Depression in an Adult Primary Care Population. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071475"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2018.1538388","article-title":"Decreased Serum Magnesium Levels in Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"72","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(13)71032-6","article-title":"Magnesium in Depression","volume":"65","author":"Serefko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0714-8","article-title":"Modulation of Antidepressant-like Activity of Magnesium by Serotonergic System","volume":"114","author":"Poleszak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.11.007","article-title":"Evidence for the Involvement of the Monoaminergic System in the Antidepressant-like Effect of Magnesium","volume":"33","author":"Cardoso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szopa, A., Bogatko, K., Herbet, M., Serefko, A., Ostrowska, M., Wo\u015bko, S., \u015awi\u0105der, K., Szewczyk, B., Wla\u017a, A., and Ska\u0142ecki, P. (2021). The Interaction of Selective A1 and A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists with Magnesium and Zinc Ions in Mice: Behavioural, Biochemical and Molecular Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041840"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12880","article-title":"CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands Augment the Antidepressant-like Activity of Biometals (Magnesium and Zinc) in the Behavioural Tests","volume":"70","author":"Serefko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2007.07.018","article-title":"NMDA\/Glutamate Mechanism of Antidepressant-like Action of Magnesium in Forced Swim Test in Mice","volume":"88","author":"Poleszak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"218","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Oral Magnesium Supplementation in the Treatment of Depression in the Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Equivalent Trial","volume":"21","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0311-x","article-title":"A Combination of Probiotics and Magnesium Orotate Attenuate Depression in a Small SSRI Resistant Cohort: An Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory Response Is Suggested","volume":"25","author":"Bambling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7800","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1164_22","article-title":"Investigating the Effect of Magnesium Supplement in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder under Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Nazarinasab","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Family Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/92301","article-title":"The Evaluation of Effect of Selected Metal Ions on the Efficiency of Passive and Active Transport of Imipramine","volume":"53","author":"Opoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2005.03.017","article-title":"Enhancement of Antidepressant-like Activity by Joint Administration of Imipramine and Magnesium in the Forced Swim Test: Behavioral and Pharmacokinetic Studies in Mice","volume":"81","author":"Poleszak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.05.001","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress in Depression","volume":"25","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.12.015","article-title":"Oxidative Stress as an Etiological Factor and a Potential Treatment Target of Psychiatric Disorders. Part 2. Depression, Anxiety, Schizophrenia and Autism","volume":"67","author":"Smaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, A.S., Cardoso, A., and Vale, N. (2023). Oxidative Stress in Depression: The Link with the Stress Response, Neuroinflammation, Serotonin, Neurogenesis and Synaptic Plasticity. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020470"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bizo\u0144, A., Chojdak-\u0141ukasiewicz, J., Budrewicz, S., Pokryszko-Dragan, A., and Piwowar, A. (2023). Exploring the Relationship between Antioxidant Enzymes, Oxidative Stress Markers, and Clinical Profile in Relapsing\u2013Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081638"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheltova, A.A., Kharitonova, M.V., Iezhitsa, I.N., and Spasov, A.A. (2016). Magnesium Deficiency and Oxidative Stress: An Update. BioMedicine, 6.","DOI":"10.7603\/s40681-016-0020-6"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"898393","article-title":"Markers of Oxidative Stress and Neuroprogression in Depression Disorder","volume":"2015","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-010-9189-7","article-title":"Ozone Modulates the Effects of Imipramine on Immobility in the Forced Swim Test, and Nonspecific Parameters of Hippocampal Oxidative Stress in the Rat","volume":"25","author":"Mokoena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.3.5.13109","article-title":"Harmine and Imipramine Promote Antioxidant Activities in Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus","volume":"3","author":"Stringari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3794","article-title":"Effect of the Interaction between Atorvastatin and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors on the Blood Redox Equilibrium","volume":"12","author":"Herbet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2007.01091.x","article-title":"Lipid Peroxidation Levels and Total Oxidant Status in Serum, Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis","volume":"34","author":"Alver","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"FC01","article-title":"Effect of Lycopene on Antioxidant Status and Serum Corticosterone in Wistar Rats Subjected to Chronic Mild Stress","volume":"13","author":"Paruchuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2015.03.001","article-title":"Antidepressant-like Activity of Plumbagin in Unstressed and Stressed Mice","volume":"67","author":"Dhingra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2021.01.001","article-title":"Magnesium: The Recent Research and Developments","volume":"96","author":"Falhammar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"306","article-title":"The Magic of Magnesium","volume":"12","author":"Boomsma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Compd."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickering, G., Mazur, A., Trousselard, M., Bienkowski, P., Yaltsewa, N., Amessou, M., Noah, L., and Pouteau, E. (2020). Magnesium Status and Stress: The Vicious Circle Concept Revisited. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123672"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Cascella, M., and Vaqar, S. (2024). Hypermagnesemia. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2021.1945859","article-title":"Randomized Study of the Effects of Vitamin D and\/or Magnesium Supplementation on Mood, Serum Levels of BDNF, Inflammation, and SIRT1 in Obese Women with Mild to Moderate Depressive Symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Abiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.12.022","article-title":"The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Serum Level of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Depression Status in Patients with Depression","volume":"42","author":"Afsharfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.10.014","article-title":"Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Depression Status in Depressed Patients with Magnesium Deficiency: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"35","author":"Rajizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryszewska-Pokra\u015bniewicz, B., Mach, A., Skalski, M., Januszko, P., Wawrzyniak, Z.M., Poleszak, E., Nowak, G., Pilc, A., and Radziwo\u0144-Zaleska, M. (2018). Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Unipolar Depression: A Placebo-Controlled Study and Review of the Importance of Dosing and Magnesium Status in the Therapeutic Response. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081014"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2022.0503","article-title":"Effect of Short-Term Magnesium Supplementation on Anxiety, Depression and Sleep Quality in Patients after Open-Heart Surgery","volume":"35","author":"Saba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarleton, E.K., Littenberg, B., MacLean, C.D., Kennedy, A.G., and Daley, C. (2017). Role of Magnesium Supplementation in the Treatment of Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180067"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703","article-title":"A Simple Practice Guide for Dose Conversion between Animals and Human","volume":"7","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15226\/jnhfs.2018.001138","article-title":"Dietary Magnesium Supplements\u2014Is There Any Problem?","volume":"6","author":"Telessy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111294","article-title":"Bioavailability of Magnesium Food Supplements: A Systematic Review","volume":"89","author":"Pardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.01.014","article-title":"Depression in Women","volume":"54","author":"Noble","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2004.01.006","article-title":"Antidepressant- and Anxiolytic-like Activity of Magnesium in Mice","volume":"78","author":"Poleszak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"746","article-title":"Immobility Stress Induces Depression-like Behavior in the Forced Swim Test in Mice: Effect of Magnesium and Imipramine","volume":"58","author":"Poleszak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112297","article-title":"Ligands of the CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors Augment Activity of the Conventional Antidepressant Drugs in the Behavioural Tests in Mice","volume":"378","author":"Poleszak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-018-9959-2","article-title":"Antidepressant-Like Activity of Typical Antidepressant Drugs in the Forced Swim Test and Tail Suspension Test in Mice Is Augmented by DMPX, an Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonist","volume":"35","author":"Poleszak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.05.021","article-title":"Influence of the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors on the Activity of the Monoaminergic System in the Behavioural Tests in Mice","volume":"150","author":"Poleszak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/3\/519\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:34:59Z","timestamp":1759919699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/3\/519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30030519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30030519","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]}}}