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Neuropeptides, recognized as common biochemical mediators of communication between these systems, are receiving increasing attention because of their potential therapeutic applications in immune-related disorders. Additionally, many neuropeptides share significant similarities with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and evidence shows that these antimicrobial neuropeptides are directly involved in innate immunity. This review examines 10 antimicrobial neuropeptides, including pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), \u03b1-melanocyte stimulating hormone (\u03b1-MSH), ghrelin, adrenomedullin (AM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), urocortin II (UCN II), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and catestatin (CST). Their expression characteristics and the immunomodulatory mechanisms mediated by their specific receptors are summarized, along with potential drugs targeting these receptors. Future studies should focus on further investigating antimicrobial neuropeptides and advancing the development of related drugs in preclinical and\/or clinical studies to improve the treatment of immune-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T11:38:49Z","timestamp":1737977929000},"page":"568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antimicrobial Neuropeptides and Their Receptors: Immunoregulator and Therapeutic Targets for Immune Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Kaiqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Imaging and Laboratory, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Imaging and Laboratory, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoxuan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Imaging and Laboratory, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Imaging and Laboratory, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxi","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Imaging and Laboratory, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinuo","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Imaging and Laboratory, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruonan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1703-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaodi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Imaging and Laboratory, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6733-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xitan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Imaging and Laboratory, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-083122-042512","article-title":"Neuroimmune interactions in the lung","volume":"42","author":"Azzoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. 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