{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T21:48:16Z","timestamp":1779227296323,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSPD2025R674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2025R674"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["PS\/2024\/1\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS\/2024\/1\/03"]}]},{"name":"SUST research center","award":["RSPD2025R674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2025R674"]}]},{"name":"SUST research center","award":["PS\/2024\/1\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS\/2024\/1\/03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pursuit of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) as a means of energy generation and mitigation of global warming is of considerable interest. In this study, a novel RuO2-incorporated SnO2-fabricated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a Nafion binder was used for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in an aqueous alkaline imidazole medium. The electrode fabrication process involved the drop-casting method, where RuO2.SnO2 was incorporated onto the surface of the GCE. Electrochemical studies demonstrated that the GCE-RuO2.SnO2 electrode facilitated CO2 reduction at \u22120.58 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) via a diffusion-controlled pathway with the transfer of two electrons. Importantly, the first electron transfer step was identified as the rate-determining step (RDS). A Tafel slope of 144 mV dec\u22121 confirmed the association of two-electron transfer kinetics with CO2RR. Moreover, the standard rate constant (ko) and formal potential (E\u00b0\u2032) were evaluated as 2.89 \u00d7 10\u22125 cm s\u22121 and 0.0998 V vs. RHE, respectively. Kinetic investigations also reveal that the deprotonation and electron release steps took place simultaneously in the CO2RR. Based on the reported results, the GCE-RuO2.SnO2 electrode could be a promising candidate for CO2 reduction, applicable in renewable energy generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T11:38:49Z","timestamp":1737977929000},"page":"575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Electrokinetics of CO2 Reduction in Imidazole Medium Using RuO2.SnO2-Immobilized Glassy Carbon Electrode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-1771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafizur","family":"Rahaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md. Fahamidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0614-3286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zannatul Mumtarin","family":"Moushumy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Mosaraf","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9313-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Nurnobi","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-9235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmudul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Atiqur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahida Akter","family":"Tanjila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, University of Asia pacific, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9441-3986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Hasnat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh"},{"name":"International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.3c00482","article-title":"Tuning Reactive Crystallization Pathways for Integrated CO2 Capture, Conversion, and Storage via Mineralization","volume":"57","author":"Ochonma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acc. 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