{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:16:19Z","timestamp":1791396979379,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme (WIDERA)","award":["101087147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101087147"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food waste presents a critical environmental and economic challenge across Europe. In the Mediterranean region, the agricultural industry generates considerable quantities of citrus fruits, leading to significant byproduct waste, which remains underutilized. To help address this, this study explored the valorization of orange peel waste using non-thermal ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and a one-factor-at-a-time experimental design to investigate the effects of nine chemical and physical UAE parameters. The goal was to identify ideal operational ranges for each parameter using several responses (bioactive compound recovery, antioxidant activity, and radical scavenging activity), thus elucidating the most influential UAE factors and their role in co-extracting various classes of natural compounds. The key findings revealed that the polarity and ionic potential of the extraction medium, tuned through ethanol:water or pH, significantly influenced both the chemical profile and bioactivity of the extracts. Notably, citric acid and citrates appeared to stabilize co-extracted compounds. Lower solid-to-liquid ratios increased yields, while particle sizes between 1400 and 710 \u00b5m enhanced phenolic recovery by approximately 150 mg\/L GAE. In contrast, increases in pulse, probe diameter, immersion depth, and extraction time led to degradation of bioactive compounds, whereas the maximal amplitude improved phenolic acid recovery by up to 2-fold. Collectively, these insights provide a foundation for optimizing non-thermal UAE to valorize orange peel waste.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T12:18:56Z","timestamp":1738585136000},"page":"648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Comprehensive Analysis of Non-Thermal Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Citrus Peel Waste Through a One-Factor-at-a-Time Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Xuereb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3727-2694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Psakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Sciences (IAS), The Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology (MCAST), PLA 9032 Paola, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Attard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Sciences (IAS), The Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology (MCAST), PLA 9032 Paola, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Lia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Sciences (IAS), The Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology (MCAST), PLA 9032 Paola, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1950-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Gatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2020.179","article-title":"Citrus as a multifunctional crop to promote new bio-products and valorize the supply chain","volume":"19","author":"Sangiorgio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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