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In parallel, there will be an increase in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s. This review explores dysbiosis occurring in these pathologies and how virulence factors contribute to the worsening or development of clinical conditions, and it summarizes existing and potential ways to combat microorganisms related to these diseases. Microbiota imbalances can contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases by increasing intestinal permeability, exchanging information through innervation, and even acting as a Trojan horse affecting immune cells. The microorganisms of the microbiota produce virulence factors to protect themselves from host defenses, many of which contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. These virulence factors are expressed according to the genetic composition of each microorganism, leading to a wide range of factors to be considered. Among the main virulence factors are LPS, urease, curli proteins, amyloidogenic proteins, VacA, and CagA. These factors can also be packed into bacterial outer membrane vesicles, which transport proteins, RNA, and DNA, enabling distal communication that impacts various diseases, including Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T10:57:53Z","timestamp":1738666673000},"page":"687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microbial Trojan Horses: Virulence Factors as Key Players in Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4935-5211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus V. C.","family":"Grahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4474-9592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvin Siqueira","family":"Hohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Health Basic Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Smaniotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Health Basic Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7027-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia R.","family":"Carlini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program of Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, October 30). 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