{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T20:51:26Z","timestamp":1773694286543,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["215035359\u2014TRR 129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215035359\u2014TRR 129"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The work reports preliminary results on the morphological changes that biomass particles experience at high heating rates in a heated strip reactor (HSR) at T = 1000\u20131600 \u00b0C under an inert atmosphere. Samples included a natural lignocellulosic biomass (pinewood) as well as biomass components: cellulose, hemicellulose (xylan) and lignin. On top of that, reference compounds have been investigated, namely naphthalene pitch, a paraffinic wax and glucose. During the heat-up phase, the investigated biomass mainly retains the original morphology and size, while the single components exhibit different behaviors. Hemicellulose undergoes a fluid stage and eventually forms millimetric spherical char particles. Cellulose does not become fully fluid but softens and forms millimetric char aggregates of different shapes. Lignin particles hardly soften and stick together in a curved slab. Comparison with model compounds allows us to infer that the degree of melting and the viscosity of the melt are responsible for the final particle shape. In fact, naphthalene pitch and glucose appear to be more viscous during pyrolysis and lead to the formation of three-dimensional columns a few millimeters high. Wax undergoes extensive melting, but the relatively low viscosity and the absence of crosslinking reactions eventually lead only to the formation of droplets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T05:50:36Z","timestamp":1738734636000},"page":"700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Thermoplastic Phenomena and Morphological Changes upon Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass and Model Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cerciello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologia per l\u2019Energia e la Mobilit\u00e0 Sostenibili (STEMS)-CNR, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Allouis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologia per l\u2019Energia e la Mobilit\u00e0 Sostenibili (STEMS)-CNR, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologia per l\u2019Energia e la Mobilit\u00e0 Sostenibili (STEMS)-CNR, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Freisewinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Plant Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1745-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Tarlinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Plant Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6134-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Apicella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologia per l\u2019Energia e la Mobilit\u00e0 Sostenibili (STEMS)-CNR, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2697-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Schiemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Plant Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Plant Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8794-9416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvalda","family":"Senneca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologia per l\u2019Energia e la Mobilit\u00e0 Sostenibili (STEMS)-CNR, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.09.017","article-title":"Oxy-fuel combustion kinetics and morphology of coal chars obtained in N2 and CO2 atmospheres in an entrained flow reactor","volume":"91","author":"Gil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. 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