{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:10:25Z","timestamp":1791562225026,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Ha\u2032il, Saudi Arabia","award":["RG24-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG24-031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli is a major foodborne pathogen posing a critical threat to public health, particularly through the contamination of animal products. The increasing prevalence and virulence of MDR E. coli strains underscore the urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using Stevia rebaudiana as a sustainable capping and reducing agent, aligning with green chemistry principles. Of the 120 fish samples, 74.2% (89\/120) were positive for E. coli contamination. Among the identified E. coli strains, 77.8% (119\/153) were classified as MDR. Resistance profiling revealed 22 distinct patterns, and seven highly resistant and virulent strains were selected for further analyses. The eco-friendly auto-combustion synthesis of ZnO-NPs produced nanoparticles with semi-spherical to hexagonal shapes and an average size ranging from 12 to 25 nm. Scanning Electron Microscope\u2013Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) confirms that ZnO-NPs primarily consist of zinc (37.5%) and oxygen (19.9%), with carbon (42.6%) indicating the green synthesis process. ZnO-NPs demonstrated potent, dose-dependent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against the selected MDR E. coli strains. Additionally, mechanistic studies revealed that ZnO-NPs disrupt bacterial cell membranes, alter cellular morphology, and interfere with DNA integrity. These findings highlight the potential of eco-friendly ZnO-NPs as a promising nanomaterial for enhancing food safety and addressing the growing challenge of MDR foodborne bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T10:07:56Z","timestamp":1738922876000},"page":"768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Fish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-825X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Tharwat","family":"Elabbasy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha M.","family":"El Bayomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esraa A.","family":"Abdelkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abd El-Salam E.","family":"Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3957-4365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"Ghoniem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 2240, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5837-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai A.","family":"Samak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muteb H.","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad Awwadh","family":"Almarshadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamer","family":"Elsamahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim, F., Garamumhango, P., and Musara, C. 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