{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:54:36Z","timestamp":1790373276213,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006334","name":"Jan Kochanowski University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUPB.RN.24.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUPB.RN.24.001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006334","name":"Jan Kochanowski University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N42\/DBS\/000427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42\/DBS\/000427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006334","name":"Jan Kochanowski University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-2016-06-1316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2016-06-1316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College","award":["SUPB.RN.24.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUPB.RN.24.001"]}]},{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College","award":["N42\/DBS\/000427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42\/DBS\/000427"]}]},{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College","award":["IP-2016-06-1316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2016-06-1316"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["SUPB.RN.24.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUPB.RN.24.001"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["N42\/DBS\/000427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42\/DBS\/000427"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["IP-2016-06-1316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2016-06-1316"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress) is an endangered species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional properties. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and biological activity of extracts from microshoot cultures grown in PlantForm bioreactors and the parent plant material. After 20 days of cultivation, the cultures achieved the best results both in terms of key active ingredient content and biological activity. The glucosinolates (GSL) profile by the UHPLC-DAD-MS\/MS method showed that the dominant compounds were glucobrassicin (493.00 mg\/100 g DW, 10 days) and gluconasturtiin (268.04 mg\/100 g DW, 20 days). The highest total polyphenol content (TPC) was obtained after a 20-day growth period (2690 mg GAE\/100 g DW). Among polyphenols, the dominant compounds in the extracts from in vitro cultures were sinapinic acid (114.83 mg\/100 g DW, 10 days) and ferulic acid (87.78 mg\/100 g DW, 20 days). The highest antioxidant potential assessed by ABTS and DPPH assays was observed for ethanol extracts. The best results for inhibiting hyperpigmentation (18.12%) were obtained for ethanol extracts and anti-elastase activity (79.78%) for aqueous extract from N. officinale microshoot cultures. The extracts from microshoot cultures inhibited the growth of bacteria, including Cutibacterium acnes (MIC = 0.625 mg\/mL). Antioxidant tests and the chelating capacity of iron ions Fe2+ of the face emulsion with N. officinale extracts showed higher results than the control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T08:36:19Z","timestamp":1739867779000},"page":"936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Nasturtium officinale Microshoot Culture Multiplied in PlantForm Bioreactor\u2014Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Klimek-Szczykutowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, IX Wiek\u00f3w Kielc 19a, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9172-7341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena Anna","family":"Malinowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Ga\u0142ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0715-3216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivica","family":"Bla\u017eevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ru\u0111era Bo\u0161kovi\u0107a 35, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0865-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azra","family":"\u00d0ulovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ru\u0111era Bo\u0161kovi\u0107a 35, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3626-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Paprocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Collegium Medicum, Institute of Medical Science, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, IX Wiekow Kielc 19A, 25-317, Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9820-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Wrzosek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, IX Wiek\u00f3w Kielc 19a, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6351-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Plant and Mushroom Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, M.K., Pandey, S., Kumar, M., Haque, I., and Pal, S. 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