{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T19:59:56Z","timestamp":1774987196609,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ribavirin, 1-(\u03b2-D-Ribofuranosyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide, which is included in the list of drugs recommended in the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, has been the subject of experimental and theoretical investigation. The most thermodynamically stable polymorphic form was studied using 1H-14N NQR cross-relaxation, periodic DFT\/QTAIM\/RDS\/3D Hirshfeld surfaces, and molecular docking. For the first time, a 1H-14N cross-relaxation spectrum of ribavirin was recorded and interpreted. Twelve resonance frequencies were assigned to four inequivalent nitrogen positions in the molecule using combined experimental techniques and solid-state quantum chemical calculations. The influence of the structural alteration on the NQR parameters was modeled using GGA\/RPBE. The differences in the binding pattern of ribavirin, acadesine, inosine, guanosine, and favipiravir-ribofuranosyl in the solid state and the protein-ligand complex were assessed to elucidate the differences in the binding mechanism at the molecular level due to aglycone modification. The replacement of the carbon adjacent to the ribose with nitrogen, in conjunction with the absence of oxygen at the 2-position of the ring, resulted in an increased flexibility of the RBV structure in comparison to the favipiravir-ribofuranosyl structure. The present study identified the intramolecular hydrogen bond NH\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7N in RBV as playing a crucial role in the formation of a quasi-five-membered ring. However, this bond was proven to be too weak to force positioning of the amide group in the ring plane. The ribofuranosyl in RBV inhibits tautomerism and freezes the conformation of the amide group. The results of the molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that RBV and favipiravir-ribofuranosyl incorporated into the RNA primer exhibited comparable stability within the protein binding region. The titular anti-butterfly (inverted butterfly) effect is associated with the consequences of both the changes in aglycone moiety and the neighborhood alteration. Seven structure-binding strength indices and six novel quadrupolar indices defined in this study have been proven to facilitate the evaluation of the similarity of binding motifs in the solid state and protein-ligand complex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30051096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T02:48:37Z","timestamp":1740710917000},"page":"1096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Anti-Butterfly Effect in Ribavirin Studied by Combined Experiment (PXRD\/1H-14N NQR Cross-Relaxation Spectroscopy), Quantum Chemical Calculations, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, and Novel Structure-Binding Strength and Quadrupolar Indices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9147-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta Natalia","family":"Latosi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 2, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9603-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Latosi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 2, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7814-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janez","family":"Seliger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veselko","family":"\u017dagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cJo\u017eef Stefan\u201d Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-7346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toma\u017e","family":"Apih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cJo\u017eef Stefan\u201d Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latosi\u0144ska, J.N., Latosi\u0144ska, M., Seliger, J., \u017dagar, V., and Apih, T. 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