{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:35:31Z","timestamp":1784126131963,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanxi Province 2022\u20132023 Traditional Chinese Medicine Technology Innovation Project","award":["2100601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2100601"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province 2022\u20132023 Traditional Chinese Medicine Technology Innovation Project","award":["2023-JYB-JBQN-058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JYB-JBQN-058"]}]},{"name":"2023 Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine unveiling and leading project, Research on Intelligent Engineering for Odor Diagnosis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Advantageous Diseases","award":["2100601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2100601"]}]},{"name":"2023 Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine unveiling and leading project, Research on Intelligent Engineering for Odor Diagnosis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Advantageous Diseases","award":["2023-JYB-JBQN-058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JYB-JBQN-058"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Codonopsis Radix (CR), an important species of \u201cmedicine-food homology\u201d, exhibits broad market prospects, underscoring the urgency and importance of research on its quality. This study specifically measured the alcohol-soluble extract and polysaccharide extract of 77 samples from mainstream producing areas of CR, which serve as key fractions for assessing its quality. Additionally, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the sensory characteristics of samples, the study employed electronic tongue technology to obtain sweetness values, used a colorimeter to determine yellowness values, and captured odor fingerprint information through an electronic nose (E-nose). In the data analysis phase, the study compared the accuracy of various regression prediction models, including Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). After comprehensive evaluation, an SVM algorithm was selected due to its superior prediction performance. To further enhance prediction accuracy, the study utilized a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the SVM, resulting in a significant improvement in the prediction accuracy of sweetness values. In conclusion, regression prediction models for chemical composition and sensory information of CR based on an E-nose were established. It represents an enhancement of traditional morphological identification methods for Chinese medicinal herbs and provides new ideas and means for quality evaluation of CR. Furthermore, it offers a reference for quality evaluation of other similar Chinese medicinal herbs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30051146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T03:26:21Z","timestamp":1741058781000},"page":"1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prediction of Chemical Composition and Sensory Information of Codonopsis Radix Based on Electronic Nose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1552-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1093-4093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yushi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3066-6180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiqin","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"948","article-title":"Targeted isolation and identification of bioactive pyrrolidine alkaloids from Codonopsispilosulausing characteristic fragmentation-assisted mass spectral networking","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. 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