{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T07:22:47Z","timestamp":1789888967739,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22075226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22075226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Modern Chemistry Research Institute","award":["22075226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22075226"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a typical high-energy-density material, the sensitivity of CL-20 severely limits its application in explosives and propellants. Adjusting its structure at the microscopic level can effectively solve such problems. In this study, a microfluidic recrystallization technique was used to prepare \u03b5-CL-20 with three different particle sizes, with narrow particle size distributions (D50 = 2.77 \u03bcm, 17.22 \u03bcm and 50.35 \u03bcm). The prepared samples had fewer surface defects compared to the raw material. As the particle size decreased, the density of CL-20 increased and its impact sensitivity was significantly reduced. The activation energy of the CL-20 prepared using microfluidic technology increased with increases in particle size. Laser ignition experiments revealed that smaller CL-20 particles had the highest energy release efficiency, while larger particles exhibited a higher energy density and more stable energy release. The combustion performance and safety of CL-20 can be effectively improved by improving the crystal size distribution and surface morphology. Controllable preparation of multiple particle sizes of CL-20 was achieved using microfluidic recrystallization technology, which provides a reference for the preparation of multiple particle sizes of other energetic materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30051176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T04:55:08Z","timestamp":1741236908000},"page":"1176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Preparation of CL-20 with Controllable Particle Size Using Microfluidic Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0336-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubao","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ergang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(98)83040-8","article-title":"Synthesis of polyazapolycyclic caged polynitramines","volume":"54","author":"Nielsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2013.12.028","article-title":"A novel approach for preparation of CL-20 nanoparticles by microemulsion method","volume":"193","author":"Bayat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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