{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:13:35Z","timestamp":1791044015766,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["BR24992921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR24992921"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the synthesis and properties of \u03b2-cyclodextrin-functionalized silver nanoparticles and their loading with a drug component are considered. \u03b2-Cyclodextrin was used as a reducing agent and stabilizer in the preparation of silver nanoparticles. The use of \u03b2-CD-AgNPs in loading molecules of the alkaloid cytisine (Cz) and its O,O-dimethyl-N-cytisinilphosphate (CzP) derivative, which have pronounced antiviral properties, was studied. The formation of \u03b2-CD-Cz-AgNPs and \u03b2-CD-CzP-AgNPs was confirmed by UV spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the obtained \u03b2-CD-Cz-AgNP and \u03b2-CD-CzP-AgNP nanocomposites were well dispersed with particle sizes in the range of 3\u201320 nm. 1H-, 13C-NMR and COSY, HMQC, HMBC and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the reduction and encapsulation of AgNPs by \u03b2-Cz, and the TEM imaging results showed an increase in the size of nanoparticles after the introduction of cytisine and its phosphorus derivative. The kinetic parameters of the thermal degradation process of \u03b2-CD, Cz, CzP and their inclusion complexes Cz(CzP)-\u03b2-CD-AgNPs under isothermal conditions, which ensure the preservation of the kinetic triplet, were determined. The differences in the mechanism of thermal decomposition of the studied materials are described by the parameters of the \u0160est\u00e1k\u2013Berggren model (m and n), which demonstrated differences for different compounds: for \u03b2-CD, the values of the parameters m and n are 0.47 and 0.53, respectively, while for CzP-\u03b2-CD-AgNPs they reach values of 0.66 and 1.34. These results indicate differences in the mechanism of thermal decomposition of the studied materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30061337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T06:36:23Z","timestamp":1742193383000},"page":"1337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Synthesis of \u03b2-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles and Their Application for Loading Cytisine and Its Phosphorus Derivative"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4240-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serik D.","family":"Fazylov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Synthesis and Coal Chemistry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1878-2787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oralgazy A.","family":"Nurkenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Synthesis and Coal Chemistry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology and Ecology, Karaganda Industrial University, Temirtau 101400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0978-5663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangeldy S.","family":"Nurmaganbetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Synthesis and Coal Chemistry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8951-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akmaral Zh.","family":"Sarsenbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Karaganda University of the Name of E.A. Buketov, Karaganda 100074, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1592-8579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryszhan Ye.","family":"Bakirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda 100012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2322-8863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olzhas T.","family":"Seilkhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Engineering Profile NMR-Spectroscopy, Sh. Ualikhanov Kokshetau University, Kokshetau 120000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7277-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandr K.","family":"Sviderskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Natural Sciences, Zhezkazgan University of the Name of O. Baikonurov, Zhezkazgan 100600, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9124-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ardak K.","family":"Syzdykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Synthesis and Coal Chemistry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology and Ecology, Karaganda Industrial University, Temirtau 101400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6123-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anel Zh.","family":"Mendibayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Synthesis and Coal Chemistry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology and Ecology, Karaganda Industrial University, Temirtau 101400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407764","article-title":"Cytisine versus nikotine for smoking cessation","volume":"371","author":"Wolker","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f5198","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5198","article-title":"Cytisine, the world\u2019s oldest smoking cessation aid","volume":"347","author":"Prochaska","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2019.04.021","article-title":"Diels-Alder adducts of N-substituted derivatives of (-)-Cytisine as influenza A\/H1N1 Virus Inhibitors; Stereodifferentiation of antiviral Properties and Preliminary Assessment of Action Mechanism","volume":"75","author":"Tsypysheva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0362-3","article-title":"New pharmacological agents to aid smoking cessation and tobacco harm reduction: What has been investigated, and what is in the pipeline?","volume":"30","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1696791","article-title":"Antiviral activity of amides and carboxamides of quinolizidine alkaloid (\u2212)-cytisine against human influenza virus A(H1N1) and parainfluenza virus type 3","volume":"35","author":"Fedorova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1134\/S1068162015030103","article-title":"Search for (\u2212)-cytizine derivatives as potential inhibitors of NF-kR and STATI","volume":"41","author":"Vakhitova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Russ. J. Biorgan. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Nurkenov, O.A., Kulakov, I.V., and Fazylov, S.D. (2012). Synthetic Transformations of the Cytisine Alkaloid, Karaganda."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14541","article-title":"The effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of cytisine versus varenicline for smoking cessation in an Australian population: A study protocol for a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial","volume":"114","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Study Addict."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2174\/2211738507666190320160802","article-title":"Functional Nanomaterials and Their Potential Applications in Antibacterial Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4852","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM00648C","article-title":"Tannic acid-modified silver nanoparticles for enchancing anti-biofilm activities and modulating biofilm formation","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naganthran, A., Verasoundarapandian, G., Khalid, F.E., and Masarudin, M.J. (2022). Synthesis, characterization and biomedical application of silver nanoparticles. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15020427"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qamer, S., Romli, M.H., Che-Hamzah, F., Misni, N., Joseph, N.M.S., AL-Haj, N.A., and Amin-Nordin, S. (2021). Systematic Review on Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Antibacterial Activities: Application and Theoretical Perspectives. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26165057"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.H., and Jun, B.H. (2019). Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and application for nanomedicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040865"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biosynthesis, antimicrobial spectra and applications of silver nanoparticles: Current progress and future prospects","volume":"52","author":"Tehri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inorg. NanoMet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bamal, D., Singh, A., and Chaudhary, G. (2021). Silver nanoparticles biosynthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activities, applications, cytotoxicity and safety issues: An Updated Review. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11082086"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.03.071","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using polysaccharides extracted from marine macroalgae","volume":"96","author":"Zahran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2016.01.008","article-title":"\u03b3-Cyclodextrin capped silver nanoparticles for molecular recognition and enhancement of antibacterial activity of chloramphenicol","volume":"157","author":"Gannimani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012537817570","article-title":"Optical properties of Ag and Au nanoparticles dispersed within the pores of monolithic mesoporous silica","volume":"3","author":"Cai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"173","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis methods, bio-applications and properties","volume":"42","author":"Abbasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/10610278.2010.487565","article-title":"Synthesis, characterisation and antibacterial applications of water-soluble, silver nanoparticle encapsulated \u03b2-cyclodextrin","volume":"22","author":"George","year":"2010","journal-title":"Supramol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/10610278.2010.531137","article-title":"Supramolecular hybrid nanomaterials as drug delivery systems","volume":"23","author":"Adeli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Supramol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.05.006","article-title":"Enhancement of the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles using beta-cyclodextrin as a capping agent","volume":"36","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadjadi, S., Ghoreyshi Kahangi, F., Dorraj, M., and Heravi, M.M. (2020). Ag Nanoparticles Stabilized on Cyclodextrin Polymer Decorated with Multi-Nitrogen Atom Containing Polymer: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Xanthenes. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25020241"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"112","article-title":"An overview on the role of cyclodextrins in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction","volume":"3","author":"Gasbarri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.01.038","article-title":"Investigation of silver nanoparticles synthesis using aminated beta-cyclodextrin","volume":"89","author":"Amr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.08.073","article-title":"5-Fu inclusion complex capped gold nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy","volume":"70","author":"Lakkakula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"19","article-title":"Interaction of gold and platinum nanoparticles with L-tyrosine in aqueous solution: Conformational and dynamic changes","volume":"420","author":"Smirnov","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.119548","article-title":"Effect of pH, temperature and native cyclodextrins on aqueous solubility of baricitinib","volume":"360","author":"Garibyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01275-y","article-title":"Cyclodextren-bazed nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications: A review","volume":"19","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.06.080","article-title":"Cyclodextrin-Modified inorganic materials for the construction of nanocarriers","volume":"531","author":"Cutrone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"112","article-title":"The synthesis of new inclusion compounds complexes cytisine: \u03b2-cyclodextrin","volume":"2","author":"Muldakhmetov","year":"2022","journal-title":"News Natl. Acad. Sci. Repub. Kazakhstan Ser. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"223","article-title":"Synthesis and Studies of Supramolecular Inclusion Complexes of Cytisine with \u03b2-cyclodextrin by NMR Spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Nurkenov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Fundam. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5257","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S202404","article-title":"Effects of green synthesised silver nanoparticles (ST06-AgNPs) using curcumin derivative (ST06) on human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) in vitro and EAC tumor bearing mice models","volume":"14","author":"Murugesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7250","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA08216K","article-title":"Synthesis of cationic b-cyclodextrin functionalized silver nanoparticles and their drug-loading applications","volume":"13","author":"Ke","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ze, H., Jing, Y., Zhang, J., Li, X., Zhang, H., Shakoor, A., and Guo, J. (2022). UV-irradiation synthesis of cyclodextrin-silver nanocluster decorated TiO2-nanoparticles for photocatalytic enchanced anticancer effect on Hela cancer cells. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.995261"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.05.016","article-title":"Polyvinil alcohol\/silver nanoparticles (PVA\/AgNPs) as a model for testing the biological activity of hydrid mateials with included silver nanoparticles","volume":"32","author":"Pencheva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigation of antibacterial properties silver nanoparticles prepared via green method","volume":"73","author":"Shameli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2009.12.058","article-title":"Honey mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles","volume":"75","author":"Philip","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.06.022","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Rhizophora apiculata and glucose","volume":"88","author":"Antonya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.17586\/2220-8054-2022-13-2-164-180","article-title":"Phase formation under conditions of self-organization of particle growth restrictions in the reaction system","volume":"13","author":"Almjasheva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanosyst. Phys. Chem. Math."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(00)00443-3","article-title":"Computational aspects of kinetic analysis: Part A: The ICTAC kinetics project-data, methods and results","volume":"355","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6667","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16086667","article-title":"Green Synthesis and Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Using Vitex negundo L","volume":"16","author":"Zargar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.04.094","article-title":"Folate receptor targeted bufalin\/\u03b2-cyclodextrin supramolecular inclusion complex for enchanced solubility and anti-tumor efficiency of bufalin","volume":"78","author":"Aihhua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"7575","article-title":"Preparation of a native \u03b2-cyclodextrin modified plasmonic hydrogel substrate and its use as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering scaffold for antibiotics identification","volume":"3","author":"Ouyang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.12.008","article-title":"One-step green synthesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles embedded in electrospun cyclodextrin nanofibers","volume":"207","author":"Celebioglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010120203389","article-title":"The non-parametric kinetics a new method for the kinetic study of thermoanalytical data","volume":"52","author":"Serra","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"41","article-title":"New methods for evaluating kinetic parameters from thermal analysis data","volume":"7","author":"Friedman","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mencom.2021.01.023","article-title":"Thermal decomposition of \u03b2-cyclodextrin and its inclusion complex with vitamin E","volume":"31","author":"Burkeev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mendeleev Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mencom.2022.11.036","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the thermal decomposition kinetics of 13-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with anabasine at different heating rates","volume":"32","author":"Muldakmetov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mendeleev Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-005-0613-x","article-title":"Processing of non-isothermal TG data. Comparativ kinetic analysis with NPK method","volume":"80","author":"Vlase","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-016-5568-6","article-title":"Kinetic analysis using thermogravimetric analysis for nonisothermal pyrolysis of vacuum residue","volume":"126","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01950368","article-title":"Rational approach to thermodynamic processes and constitutive equations in isothermal and non-isothermal kinetics","volume":"5","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(66)80267-9","article-title":"Errors of kinetic data obtained from thermogravimetric curves at increasing temperature","volume":"13","year":"1966","journal-title":"Talanta"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/6\/1337\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:54:53Z","timestamp":1760028893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/6\/1337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30061337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30061337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}}}