{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:01:38Z","timestamp":1791378098753,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Florence Fondi d\u2019Ateneo per la Ricerca"},{"name":"CSGI Consortium"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cellulose acetate (CA) motion picture films are subjected to degradation, especially due to the \u201cvinegar syndrome\u201d, a de-acetylation process catalyzed by high temperature, humidity, and acidity. Acetic acid is released as a by-product of this reaction and acts as a catalyst that triggers an autocatalytic process. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the use of metal oxide, hydroxide, and carbonate nanoparticles, as well as their composite inorganic\u2013organic systems, for the adsorption of acetic acid and the inhibition of the deacetylation process. Various nanoparticles (Ca(OH)2, ZnO and CaCO3) were compared in terms of their ability to adsorb glacial acetic acid vapors through gravimetry analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The variation in the size and morphology of the nanoparticles was investigated via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), too. Subsequently, the most promising nanoparticles (ZnO) were incorporated into composite organic\u2013inorganic systems, made of Whatman paper (WP) and polyvinyl alcohol formaldehyde (PVF) xerogels, and their ability to adsorb acetic acid vapors was again evaluated. Finally, the performances of both the pure ZnO nanoparticles and the organic\u2013inorganic composite systems as inhibitors of the \u201cvinegar syndrome\u201d were assessed on artificially degraded motion picture films using a specifically developed and validated multi-analytical protocol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30061348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T15:24:56Z","timestamp":1742225096000},"page":"1348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adsorption of Acetic Acid Vapors by Inorganic\u2013Organic Nano Materials: Implications for the Inhibition of the \u201cVinegar Syndrome\u201d in 20th Century Motion Picture Films"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4938-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Porpora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d & CSGI Consortium, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1240-9486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Lisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d & CSGI Consortium, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5140-3123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Carretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d & CSGI Consortium, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Nazionale Delle Richerche\u2014Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2439-4550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"D\u2019Aleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d & CSGI Consortium, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"De Sanctis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Film Restoration Laboratory \u201cL\u2019Immagine Ritrovata\u201d, Via Riva di Reno 72, 40122 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7040-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuele","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d & CSGI Consortium, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1654-3603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Dei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d & CSGI Consortium, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Read, P., and Meyer, M.P. (2000). Restoration of Motion Picture Film, Buttherworth-Heinemann. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Valverde, M. (2005). Photographic Negatives: Nature and Evolution of Processes, Advanced Residency Program in Photograph Preservation. Available online: https:\/\/primo.getty.edu\/primo-explore\/fulldisplay\/GETTY_ALMA21121935850001551\/GRI."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"333","article-title":"Cellulose Acetate Lamination: A Literature Review and Survey of Paper-Based Collections in the United States","volume":"36","author":"McGath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Restaurator"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2307\/3179643","article-title":"IPI Storage Guide for Acetate Film","volume":"33","author":"Krause","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Inst. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(90)90019-4","article-title":"Archival Preservation of Photographic Films-A Perspective","volume":"29","author":"Ram","year":"1990","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Shashoua, Y. (2008). Conservation of Plastics: Materials Science, Degradation and Preservation, Elsevier Ltd."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lav\u00e9drine, B. (2003). A Guide to the Preventive Conservation of Photograph Collections, Getty Publications. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"6","article-title":"Strategies for the Storage of Cellulose Acetate Film","volume":"40","author":"Nishimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIC News"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2352\/J.ImagingSci.Technol.1998.42.2.art00011","article-title":"Use of Microenvironments for the Preservation of Cellulose Triacetate Photographic Film","volume":"42","author":"Bigourdan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Imaging Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effect of Paper Alkaline Reserve on the Chemical Stability of Acetate Base Sheet Film","volume":"7","author":"Bigourdan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Top. Photogr. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/13682199.2019.1577594","article-title":"Use of Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Polyacrylate for the Prevention of Vinegar Syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Imaging Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13886","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b02930","article-title":"Metal-Organic Frameworks for Cultural Heritage Preservation: The Case of Acetic Acid Removal","volume":"10","author":"Dedecker","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2023.11.013","article-title":"Iron(III) Based Metal-Organic Frameworks in Cellulose Acetate Film Preservation: Fundamental Aspects and First Application","volume":"66","author":"Mohtar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Mohtar, A., Pinto, M.L., Neves, A., Nunes, S., Zappi, D., Varani, G., Ramos, A.M., Melo, M.J., Wallaszkovits, N., and Lahoz Rodrigo, J.I. (2021). Decision Making Based on Hybrid Modeling Approach Applied to Cellulose Acetate Based Historical Films Conservation. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95373-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baglioni, P., and Chelazzi, D. (2013). Nanoscience for the Conservation of Works of Art, RSC Publishing.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781849737630"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8198","DOI":"10.1021\/la025964d","article-title":"Nanotechnologies for Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Paper and Canvas Deacidification","volume":"18","author":"Giorgi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2008.06.012","article-title":"Nanoparticles of Calcium Hydroxide for Wood Deacidification: Decreasing the Emissions of Organic Acid Vapors in Church Organ Environments","volume":"10","author":"Giorgi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.01.123","article-title":"Environmentally Friendly ZnO\/Castor Oil Polyurethane Composites for the Gas-Phase Adsorption of Acetic Acid","volume":"614","author":"Zuliani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.11.049","article-title":"Adsorption Kinetics of Acetic Acid into ZnO\/Castor Oil-Derived Polyurethanes","volume":"632","author":"Zuliani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2024.11.013","article-title":"Artificial Induction of the \u201cVinegar Syndrome\u201d in Cellulose Acetate Motion Picture Film and Multi-Analytical Protocol for Its Monitoring","volume":"71","author":"Porpora","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2016.12.013","article-title":"Fire Retardant Behaviour of Halogen-Free Calcium-Based Hydrated Minerals","volume":"136","author":"Laoutid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.8b00607","article-title":"Integrated TGA, FTIR, and Computational Laboratory Experiment","volume":"96","author":"Pemberton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2010.01.007","article-title":"Thermogravimetric Analysis of the Relationship among Calcium Magnesium Acetate, Calcium Acetate and Magnesium Acetate","volume":"87","author":"Niu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12075","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/371\/1\/012075","article-title":"Investigating the Optimum Conditions for the Formation of Calcium Oxide, Used for CO2 Sequestration, by Thermal Decomposition of Calcium Acetate","volume":"371","author":"Bilton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11831","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ01849A","article-title":"Enhanced Bactericidal and Photocatalytic Activities of ZnO Nanostructures by Changing the Cooling Route","volume":"42","author":"Horzum","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.721","article-title":"In Situ Thermo-TOF-SIMS Study of Thermal Decomposition of Zinc Acetate Dihydrate","volume":"39","author":"Ghule","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mass. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2008.07.070","article-title":"Synthesis of ZnO Nanowires by Thermal Decomposition of Zinc Acetate Dihydrate","volume":"113","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1021\/la010269b","article-title":"Colloidal Particles of Ca(OH)2: Properties and Applications to Restoration of Frescoes","volume":"17","author":"Ambrosi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.0c00563","article-title":"Crystal Structure, Polymorphism, and Anisotropic Thermal Expansion of \u03b1-Ca(CH3COO)2","volume":"20","author":"Bette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2014.01.103","article-title":"ZnO Nanorod Composite with Quenched Photoactivity for UV Protection Application","volume":"121","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53349-4.00255-7","article-title":"Celluloses and Polyoses\/Hemicelluloses","volume":"10","author":"Heinze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. A Compr. Ref."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6194","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AY02165H","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Cellulose Acetate with a High Degree of Substitution by FTIR and Its Application","volume":"9","author":"Fei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavez Lozano, M.V., Els\u00e4sser, C., Angelin, E.M., and Pamplona, M. (2023). Shedding Light on Degradation Gradients in Celluloid: An ATR-FTIR Study of Artificially and Naturally Aged Specimens. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030522"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8028","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05438","article-title":"First-Principles Model to Evaluate Quantitatively the Long-Life Behavior of Cellulose Acetate Polymers","volume":"6","author":"Nunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-020-00373-4","article-title":"A Diagnostic Tool for Assessing the Conservation Condition of Cellulose Nitrate and Acetate in Heritage Collections: Quantifying the Degree of Substitution by Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"8","author":"Nunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Bigourdan, J.-L., Adelstein, P.Z., and Reilly, J.M. (1996, January 1\u20136). Acetic Acid and Paper Alkaline Reserve, Assessment of a Pratical Situation in Film Preservation. Proceedings of the ICOM Committee for Conservation 11th Triennial Meeting, Edinburgh, UK."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"117","article-title":"Guidelines for Care & Identification of Film-Base Photographic Materials","volume":"5","author":"Fischer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Top. Photogr. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Hammon, H.G. (1951). United States Patent Office: Method of Making a Sponge Material and the Product Resulting Therefrom. (2,668,153), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Wilson, C.L. (1948). United States Patent Office: Method of Making Expanded Polyvinil Alcohol-Formaldehyde Reaction Product and Product Resulting Therefrom. (2,609,347), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17990","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b01655","article-title":"Superswelling Hybrid Sponge from Water Glass for Selective Absorption of Crude Oil and Organic Solvents","volume":"4","author":"Minju","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1039\/C3RA43907K","article-title":"Novel Hydrophobic Polyvinyl Alcohol-Formaldehyde Foams for Organic Solvents Absorption and Effective Separation","volume":"4","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78780","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA11958H","article-title":"Synthesis of a New Kind of Macroporous Polyvinyl-Alcohol Formaldehyde Based Sponge and Its Water Superabsorption Performance","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5666","article-title":"Porous Poly(Vinyl Formal) Foam Prepared Using Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) of Low Degree of Polymerization","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6450289","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6450289","article-title":"Simple and Rapid Synthesis of Calcium Acetate from Scallop Shells to Reduce Environmental Issues","volume":"2021","author":"Thongkam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adsorpt. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2015.01.034","article-title":"The Structural Evolution of Magnesium Acetate Complex in erosols by FTIR-ATR Spectra","volume":"1087","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/6\/1348\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:55:22Z","timestamp":1760028922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/6\/1348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30061348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30061348","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}}}