{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:06:50Z","timestamp":1791493610200,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fennel waste is rich in compounds that may have beneficial effects on human health. For this reason, the most abundant metabolites in fennel were isolated as the following: quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quinic acid, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide. After inducing inflammation in human bronchial epithelial cells by stimulating them with IL-1\u03b2, the cells were treated with the specialized Foeniculum vulgare metabolites at different concentrations to assess their anti-inflammatory effect. Eicosanoids, fatty acids, and sphingolipids were extracted from the cell medium and quantified by UPLC-ESI-QTRAP-MS\/MS analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity of the metabolites isolated from fennel waste was demonstrated. They were able to alleviate the inflammatory state in human bronchial epithelium by modulating the metabolic expression of both pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, fatty acids, and sphingolipids. These findings suggest the potential use of fennel waste in the production of dietary supplements to alleviate the symptoms of chronic inflammatory diseases like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), where the continuous use of antiphlogistics may have significant side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30071407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T04:48:18Z","timestamp":1742791698000},"page":"1407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Targeted Mass Spectrometric Approach to Evaluate the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Major Metabolites of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Waste in Human Bronchial Epithelium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Maria Assunta","family":"Crescenzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery & Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2333-0646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Gallart-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Stellato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, I-84084 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9843-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ada","family":"Popolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8267-2705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julijana","family":"Ivanisevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4998-2311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Piacente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9445-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Montoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2016.12.007","article-title":"In vitro Metabolomic Approaches to Investigating the Potential Biological Effects of Phenolic Compounds: An Update","volume":"15","author":"Valls","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genom. 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