{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:51:42Z","timestamp":1791021102085,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200111"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200111"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","award":["F128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F128"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","award":["JP02\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP02\/20"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018992","name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018992","name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018992","name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018992","name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP02\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP02\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010301","name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010301","name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010301","name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010301","name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP02\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP02\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity of dinuclear palladium(II) complexes with glycine (Pd1), alanine (Pd2), and methionine (Pd3) as ligands. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to investigate the complexes\u2019 interactions with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin. The obtained measurements demonstrate that Pd1 and Pd2 have stronger binding affinities for CT-DNA compared to Pd3, with Pd3 exhibiting the most significant cytotoxicity against the MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line. The binding behavior was quantified by calculating intrinsic binding constants (Kb) and Stern\u2013Volmer constants (Ksv), showing that Pd1 and Pd2 interact more effectively with DNA, possibly due to less steric hindrance in their chelation. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using an MTT assay, and the results confirm that Pd3, with methionine as the ligand, exhibited superior antitumor effects, inducing apoptosis through caspase-3 activation. The complexes also showed a strong affinity for BSA, indicating their potential for biological interaction. These discoveries shed light on the processes of palladium(II) complexes in biological systems, highlighting their DNA and protein-binding capabilities, as well as their anticancer potential. Further research is required to explore their pharmacokinetics and possible clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30071534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T02:50:16Z","timestamp":1743389416000},"page":"1534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["DNA\/BSA Binding Affinity and Cytotoxicity of Dinuclear Palladium(II) Complexes with Amino Acids as Ligands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Jakovljevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozar Markovic Street 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Zmaj Jovina Street 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petar","family":"Canovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozar Markovic Street 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7144-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Spasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozar Markovic Street 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Zmaj Jovina Street 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6887-9566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Zivkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozar Markovic Street 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Zaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozar Markovic Street 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radica","family":"Zivkovic Zaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozar Markovic Street 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Zmaj Jovina Street 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andjela","family":"Franich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Radoje Domanovic Street 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7135-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snezana","family":"Rajkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Radoje Domanovic Street 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9989-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeljko","family":"Todorovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozar Markovic Street 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Hematology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Zmaj Jovina Street 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1066-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nenad","family":"Relic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozar Markovic Street 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Zmaj Jovina Street 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9119-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milos","family":"Zivic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozar Markovic Street 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1573-1191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Mirkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozar Markovic Street 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery Center, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Zmaj Jovina Street 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.1021\/ic000273v","article-title":"New Antitumor-Active Azole-Bridged Dinuclear Platinum(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structures, and Cytotoxic Studies","volume":"39","author":"Komeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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