{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T11:17:47Z","timestamp":1783595867591,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, and Forestry (IPET)","award":["RS-2025-02303365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02303365"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pakchoi and Tatsoi are agriculturally and commercially important subspecies of Brassica\u00a0rapa. Dacheongchae is a new crop generated via the hybridization of Tatsoi and Pakchoi. Metabolite profiles of carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, amines, amino acids, carotenoids, phenolics, organic acids, and glucosinolates were carried out in the three B. rapa cultivars. The majority of amino acids were higher in Dacheongchae than in Pakchoi and Tatsoi. In addition to the amino acid content, higher contents of phenolic compounds and carotenoids were obtained in Dacheongchae. Similarly, Dacheongchae and Pakchoi contained higher amounts of glucosinolates compared with Tatsoi. Pakchoi, Tatsoi, and Dacheongchae showed marked antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and methicillin-resistant P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, Dacheongchae extracts exhibited only the inhibition activity of Salmonella paratyphi. Consistent with these higher amounts of bioactive compounds, Dacheongchae exhibited higher antimicrobial activities, suggesting synergistic antimicrobial properties from these bioactive compounds in Dacheongchae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30081693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T07:41:51Z","timestamp":1744270911000},"page":"1693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Metabolite Profiling and Antimicrobial Activities of Brassica rapa ssp. narinosa (Tatsoi), Brassica rapa var. narinosa \u00d7 chinensis (Dacheongchae), and Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis (Pakchoi)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Chang-Ha","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Farm, Namseoul University, 91 Daehak-ro, Cheonan-si 31020, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon-Ji","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1793-3256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haejin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongki","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7629-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Ok","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3774-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geung-Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2692-5370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Kwang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2157-2246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Un","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2006.706.12","article-title":"Quality evaluation of some cultivar types of leafy Brassica rapa","volume":"706","author":"Artemyeva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1241","article-title":"LED irradiance level affects growth and nutritional quality of Brassica microgreens","volume":"8","author":"Sirtautas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.10.077","article-title":"The effects of LED illumination spectra and intensity on carotenoid content in Brassicaceae microgreens","volume":"173","author":"Sirtautas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.10.098","article-title":"Functional quality in novel food sources: Genotypic variation in the nutritive and phytochemical composition of thirteen microgreens species","volume":"277","author":"Kyriacou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8682","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18078682","article-title":"MYB transcription factors regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis in different organs of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis)","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff, K. (2019). Glucosinolates and organosulfur compounds. Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04624-8_9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connolly, E.L., Sim, M., Travica, N., Marx, W., Beasy, G., Lynch, G.S., Bondonno, C.P., Lewis, J.R., Hodgson, J.M., and Blekkenhorst, L.C. (2021). Glucosinolates from cruciferous vegetables and their potential role in chronic disease: Investigating the preclinical and clinical evidence. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.767975"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia1040093","article-title":"Main carotenoids produced by microorganisms","volume":"1","author":"Rubio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13711","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c04897","article-title":"Metabolite profiling and comparative analysis of secondary metabolites in Chinese cabbage, radish, and hybrid xBrassicoraphanus","volume":"68","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2011.01.014","article-title":"Phytochemicals of Brassicaceae in plant protection and human health\u2013Influences of climate, environment and agronomic practice","volume":"72","author":"Klingen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, R.-Y., Chan, C.-L., Yang, Q.-Q., Li, H.-B., Zhang, D., Ge, Y.-Y., Gunaratne, A., Ge, J., and Corke, H. (2019). Bioactive compounds and beneficial functions of sprouted grains. Sprouted Grains, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811525-1.00009-9"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, C.B., and Roessner, U. (2013). Metabolic profiling of plants by GC\u2013MS. The Handbook of Plant Metabolomics, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527669882.ch1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrigan, G.G., and Goodacre, R. (2003). Metabolic Profiling: Its Role in Biomarker Discovery and Gene Function Analysis: Its Role in Biomarker Discovery and Gene Function Analysis, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0333-0"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C.H., Yeo, H.J., Park, S.-Y., Kim, J.K., and Park, S.U. (2019). Comparative phytochemical analyses and metabolic profiling of different phenotypes of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8110587"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, S.-A., Ahn, S.K., Kim, K.W., Choi, J., Kim, J., Ahn, J., Ha, S.-H., Park, S.U., and Kim, J.K. (2019). Metabolic profiling reveals glucose and fructose accumulation in gcr1 knock-out mutant of Arabidopsis. Appl. Biol. Chem., 62.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-019-0427-3"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13689","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13689","article-title":"Amino acids profiling and transcriptomic data integration demonstrates the dynamic regulation of amino acids synthesis in the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15546","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b01668","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of 22 glucosinolates in 12 Brassicaceae vegetables by hydrophilic interaction chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"3","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, J., Lim, C.J., Kim, J.K., and Park, S.U. (2018). Comparative metabolic profiling of green and purple pakchoi (Brassica Rapa subsp. Chinensis). Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071613"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-020-00574-2","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis reveals the interaction of primary and secondary metabolism in white, pale green, and green pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis)","volume":"64","author":"Yeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pannico, A., El-Nakhel, C., Graziani, G., Kyriacou, M.C., Giordano, M., Soteriou, G.A., Zarrelli, A., Ritieni, A., De Pascale, S., and Rouphael, Y. (2020). Selenium biofortification impacts the nutritive value, polyphenolic content, and bioactive constitution of variable microgreens genotypes. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040272"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-016-9312-5","article-title":"Characterization of nutritionally important phytoconstituents in minimally processed ready-to-eat baby-leaf vegetables using HPLC\u2013DAD and GC\u2013MS","volume":"10","author":"Saini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung, J., Baek, S., Kim, J., Kim, Y., Lee, Y., Lee, S., Lee, D., and Jung, H. (2018). Responses of primary metabolites and glucosinolates in sulfur deficient-cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). J. Plant Biochem. Physiol., 6.","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-9029.1000223"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NP00037J","article-title":"The coenzyme\/protein pair and the molecular evolution of life","volume":"38","author":"Kirschning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okumoto, S., Funck, D., Trovato, M., and Forlani, G. (2016). Amino acids of the glutamate family: Functions beyond primary metabolism. Front. Plant Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00318"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tohge, T., Watanabe, M., Hoefgen, R., and Fernie, A.R. (2013). Shikimate and phenylalanine biosynthesis in the green lineage. Front. Plant Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00062"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayes, P.A., and Rodwell, V. (2003). The citric acid cycle: The catabolism of AcetylCoA. Harper\u2019s illustrated Biochemistry, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43622","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.43622","article-title":"Application of nuclear magnetic resonance in food analysis","volume":"42","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7936","DOI":"10.1021\/jf071294b","article-title":"Metabolic characterization of Brassica rapa leaves by NMR spectroscopy","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.08.018","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis of methyl jasmonate treated Brassica rapa leaves by 2-dimensional NMR spectroscopy","volume":"67","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.10.012","article-title":"Discrimination of cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) cultivars grown in different geographical areas using 1H NMR-based metabolomics","volume":"137","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubab, M., Chellia, R., Saravanakumar, K., Mandava, S., Khan, I., Tango, C.N., Hussain, M.S., Daliri, E.B.-M., Kim, S.-H., and Ramakrishnan, S.R. (2018). Preservative effect of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) extract on their molecular docking, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203306"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113619","article-title":"Metabolite profiles and biological activities of different phenotypes of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis)","volume":"174","author":"Yeo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.5537","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Rapa Catozza Napoletana (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa DC.) seed meal, a promising protein source of Campania region (southern Italy) horticultural germplasm","volume":"92","author":"Troisi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.47611\/jsr.v4i1.188","article-title":"Red cabbage methanol extract inhibits the growth of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis during kirby-bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test","volume":"4","author":"Varghese","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stud. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13629","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) cultivar Avenger against pathogenic bacteria, phytopathogenic filamentous fungi and yeast","volume":"124","author":"Bideshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrais, A., Testori, F., Calligari, R., Gianotti, V., Roncoli, M., Caramaschi, A., Todeschini, V., Massa, N., and Bona, E. (2022). Extracts from Cabbage Leaves: Preliminary Results towards a \u201cUniversal\u201d Highly-Performant Antibacterial and Antifungal Natural Mixture. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11071080"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9s, C.M.C., P\u00e9rez de la Lastra, J.M., Juan, C.A., Plou, F.J., and P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a, E. (2023). Polyphenols as antioxidant\/pro-oxidant compounds and donors of reducing species: Relationship with human antioxidant metabolism. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11092771"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abou Elmaaty, T., Sayed-Ahmed, K., Elsisi, H., and Magdi, M. (2022). Optimization of extraction of natural antimicrobial pigments using supercritical fluids: A review. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10102111"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gantait, A., Masih, S.A., Addesso, R., Maxton, A., and Sofo, A. (2024). Glucosinolates Mediated Regulation of Enzymatic Activity in Response to Oxidative Stress in Brassica spp.. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13233422"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobiuc, A., Pav\u0103l, N.E., Mangalagiu, I.I., Gheorghi\u021b\u0103, R., Teliban, G.C., Am\u0103riuc\u0103i-Mantu, D., and Stoller, V. (2023). Future antimicrobials: Natural and functionalized phenolics. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031114"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107107","article-title":"Isothiocyanates in medicine: A comprehensive review on phenylethyl-, allyl-, and benzyl-isothiocyanates","volume":"201","author":"Hoch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpi\u0144ski, T.M., O\u017carowski, M., Alam, R., \u0141ochy\u0144ska, M., and Stasiewicz, M. (2021). What do we know about antimicrobial activity of astaxanthin and fucoxanthin?. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20010036"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Park, C.H., Kim, J.K., Ahn, K., Kwon, H., Kim, J.K., Park, S.U., and Yeo, H.J. (2023). LED lights influenced phytochemical contents and biological activities in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) microgreens. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091686"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/8\/1693\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:12:11Z","timestamp":1760029931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/8\/1693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30081693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30081693","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]}}}