{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:08:47Z","timestamp":1760058527902,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Plum Landholdings, Australia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of HIV strains resistant to the current anti-retroviral drugs has necessitated the search for new anti-retroviral medications. Methanolic and aqueous T. ferdinandiana fruit extracts have potent inhibitory activity against several phases of the HIV-1 replicative cycle. Cell infectivity studies using a non-resistant HIV-1 pseudovirus demonstrated that the methanolic (IC50 16 \u00b5g\/mL) and aqueous extracts (IC50 19 \u00b5g\/mL) were potent inhibitors of viral infection in a non-replicating HIV-1 assay. Both extracts also inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (IC50 values of 35 and 33 \u00b5g\/mL for methanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively) and HIV-1 protease (IC50 values of 19 and 27 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively) in recombinant enzyme assays. Given their inhibitory activities against multiple phases of HIV-1 replication, T. ferdinandiana fruit extracts may be particularly useful as HIV-1 therapeutics. Furthermore, both extracts displayed good safety profiles and therapeutic indices, indicating their suitability for therapeutic usage. LC-MS metabolomic profiling analysis of the methanolic extract identified several interesting constituents, including a relative abundance of tannins, as well as several flavonoids and stilbenes. All of these compounds have previously been reported to have bioactivities consistent with the anti-HIV-1 activities reported herein. Based on these studies, methanolic and aqueous T. ferdinandiana fruit extracts are promising potential therapies for the prevention, treatment and management of HIV-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30081701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T10:47:41Z","timestamp":1744282061000},"page":"1701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolomic Analysis of Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell. Fruit Extracts That Inhibit HIV-1 Cell Infection, HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and HIV-1 Protease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8732-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian Edwin","family":"Cock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Brisbane 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7541-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriaan Erasmus","family":"Basson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Avert (2018, August 03). 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