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The surface functionalization of these nanoparticles can enhance their safety and efficacy in nanomedical applications. In this study, we examined the biological effects of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with three distinct surface modifications (polyethylene glycol, chitosan, and polyethylenimine) in murine models, elucidating their mechanisms of action on hepatic tissue at both the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels. Our findings revealed that PEG-modified GNPs did not significantly alter any major metabolic pathway. In contrast, CS-GNPs markedly affected the metabolic pathways of retinol, arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and glycerophospholipids (FDR &lt; 0.05). Similarly, PEI-GNPs significantly influenced the metabolic pathways of retinol, arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and sphingolipids (FDR &lt; 0.05). Through a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory information within these pathways, we identified phosphatidylcholine compounds as potential biomarkers that may underlie the differential biological effects of the three functionalized GNPs. These findings provide valuable experimental data for evaluating the biological safety of functionalized GNPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30081727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T03:39:16Z","timestamp":1744601956000},"page":"1727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Surface Modification of Gold Nanoparticle Impacts Distinct Lipid Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4578-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minglu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinke","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingna","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1632-3114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyue","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1383\/anes.2006.7.2.51","article-title":"Liver: Metabolic functions","volume":"7","author":"Campbell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anaesth. 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