{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:19:51Z","timestamp":1787026791525,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sustainable production of healthy structured lipids (SLs) using oils extracted from agro-industry by-products or non-conventional lipid sources is of utmost importance in the framework of a circular bioeconomy, toward a zero-waste goal. In this study, low-calorie triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing a long-chain (L) fatty acid (FA) at position sn-2 and medium-chain (M) FAs at positions sn-1,3 (MLM type SL) were obtained from virgin cold-pressed milk thistle (51.55% linoleic acid; C18:2), grapeseed (66.62% C18:2), and apricot kernel (68.61% oleic acid; C18:1) oils. Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis with capric acid (C10:0) or interesterification with ethyl caprate (C10 Ethyl) in solvent-free media were performed. In batch reactions, immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme RM) was used as a biocatalyst. For all tested oils, new TAG (SL) yields, varying from 61 to 63%, were obtained after 6 h of interesterification. Maximum new TAG yields were reached after 6, 24, and 30 h of acidolysis with grapeseed (64.7%), milk thistle (56.1%), or apricot kernel (69.7%) oils, respectively. Continuous acidolysis and interesterification of grapeseed oil were implemented in a packed-bed bioreactor, catalyzed by immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (Lipozyme TL IM). Throughout 150 h of continuous operation, no lipase deactivation was observed, with average SL yields of 79.2% \u00b1 4.1 by interesterification and 61.5% \u00b1 5.91 by acidolysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30091943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T06:23:32Z","timestamp":1745821412000},"page":"1943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Batch and Continuous Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Dietetic Structured Lipids from Milk Thistle, Grapeseed, and Apricot Kernel Oils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8152-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015euheda","family":"Akba\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Talas Campus, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1854-7042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia M.","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, 2839-001 Lavradio, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3655-8201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzana","family":"Ferreira-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos T\u00e9cnicos, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO, and WHO (2001). 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