{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:27Z","timestamp":1787029107113,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2113-M-006-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2113-M-006-006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely utilized in food contact materials (FCMs) due to their water- and oil-repellent properties, yet their potential migration into food raises significant health concerns. This study employs high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to quantify the migration of 40 PFAS from microwave popcorn bags and assess the associated health risks. HRMS offers high mass accuracy and resolution, enabling precise detection of a broad spectrum of PFASs, including those with low migration levels. Migration experiments were conducted using 10% ethanol and 50% ethanol as food simulants at 70 \u00b0C for 2 h. The results indicate that when risk assessment is based solely on the European Food Safety Authority\u2019s (EFSA) tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for four PFAS, hazard ratio (HR) values range from 0.01 to 0.8, suggesting minimal risk. However, when all PFAS are converted into perfluorooctanoic acid equivalents (PEQs) and compared against the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s (EPA\u2019s) reference dose (RfD), HR values range from 0.3 to 142.3, indicating a significantly elevated health risk. These findings emphasize the necessity of comprehensive risk assessments incorporating the cumulative effects of all PFAS to better understand potential human exposure and inform regulatory policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30091989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:05:57Z","timestamp":1745989557000},"page":"1989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Identification, Quantification, and Risk Assessment of 40 PFAS Migrating from Microwave Popcorn Bags"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7830-9832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Yi","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huei-Jie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety\/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Chih","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8510-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pao-Chi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Food Safety\/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.258","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Terminology, Classification, and Origins","volume":"7","author":"Buck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integr. 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