{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:14:38Z","timestamp":1760058878926,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DBI-1826932","IOS-1832968","IOS 2019869","1R21GM114854","R35GM124755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI-1826932","IOS-1832968","IOS 2019869","1R21GM114854","R35GM124755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["DBI-1826932","IOS-1832968","IOS 2019869","1R21GM114854","R35GM124755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI-1826932","IOS-1832968","IOS 2019869","1R21GM114854","R35GM124755"]}]},{"name":"George Washington University","award":["DBI-1826932","IOS-1832968","IOS 2019869","1R21GM114854","R35GM124755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI-1826932","IOS-1832968","IOS 2019869","1R21GM114854","R35GM124755"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drosophila melanogaster is broadly used to model host\u2013pathogen interactions. Entomopathogenic nematodes are excellent research tools for dissecting the molecular and functional basis of parasitism and the host\u2019s anti-parasitic response. In this work, we used discovery metabolomics to explore the differences in the metabolome composition of wild type D. melanogaster larvae that were infected with symbiotic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae carrying Xenorhabdus\u00a0nematophila mutualistic bacteria) or axenic nematodes (S. carpocapsae lacking their bacterial partners). Benefiting from their high separation power, sensitivity, and compatibility with low amounts of the starting metabolome, we leveraged microanalytical capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) to profile the small (&lt;500 Da) polar portion of the metabolome among these experimental treatments. We detected and quantified 122 different small molecules, of which 50 were identified with high confidence. Supervised multivariate analysis revealed that the infection was paralleled with changes in amino acid biosynthesis (arginine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine), metabolism (alanine, arginine, aspartate, glutamate, glycine, proline, serine, and threonine), and classical signalling (aspartate, \u03b3-aminobutyrate, glutamate, and pyridoxine). This study demonstrates the ability of high-sensitivity CE-ESI-MS to uncover metabolic perturbations during infection. The results from the metadata may facilitate the design of targeted studies to explore small biomolecules and their functions during host\u2013pathogen interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30092023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T06:49:02Z","timestamp":1746082142000},"page":"2023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Reveals Metabolic Perturbations During Nematode Infection in Drosophila melanogaster"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7778-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yayra T.","family":"Tuani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navid J.","family":"Ayon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemary M.","family":"Onjiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam B.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0958-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shruti","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4822-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Eleftherianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4704-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Nemes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6511","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6511-6518.2000","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions: Basic concepts of microbial commensalism, colonization, infection, and disease","volume":"68","author":"Casadevall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. 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