{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:09:41Z","timestamp":1792789781871,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"subprogram","award":["010602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010602"]}]},{"name":"subprogram","award":["010701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010701"]}]},{"name":"subprogram","award":["24.80012.8007.01SE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24.80012.8007.01SE"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project","award":["010602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010602"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project","award":["010701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010701"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project","award":["24.80012.8007.01SE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24.80012.8007.01SE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thiosemicarbazone-based compounds have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their potential as inhibitors of cancer cell proliferation. They not only exhibit strong antiproliferative effects but also possess antioxidant properties that are crucial in combating oxidative stress linked to cancer progression. This review highlights specific compounds that not only exhibit significantly higher antiproliferative activities but also demonstrate lower toxicity compared to traditional chemotherapy agents. This is important because it suggests that these compounds could provide better treatment options while reducing the side effects often associated with chemotherapy. A detailed analysis of the structure\u2013activity relationships (SARs) reveals that the unique structural features of these compounds play a crucial role in their enhanced effectiveness. Understanding which molecular characteristics contribute to improved activity will be key for future compound design. The findings from this study emphasize the need for further exploration and development of these novel agents. By investigating their biological mechanisms and optimizing their structures, researchers can improve cancer treatment strategies, providing safer and more effective options for patients. Despite substantial previous research on thiosemicarbazones and isothiosemicarbazones, the field still holds many unknowns and opportunities for discovery. Studying coordination chemistry with 3d metal ions and strategically modifying their inner structures may lead to new compounds with promising biological activities and selectivity. Overall, exploring thiosemicarbazones and isothiosemicarbazones as innovative pharmacological agents against cancer could unlock their full potential, significantly enhancing cancer treatment protocols and improving patient survival rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30092077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T08:20:53Z","timestamp":1746606053000},"page":"2077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Thiosemicarbazone-Based Compounds: Cancer Cell Inhibitors with Antioxidant Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8783-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Garbuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Systematics and Molecular Phylogenetics, Institute of Zoology, Moldova State University, 1 Academiei Street, MD-2028 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-2884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Ceban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Surgical Nephrology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cNicolae Testemitanu\u201d, 165 Stefan cel Mare si Sfant Bd., MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8795-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorin","family":"Istrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Surgical Nephrology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cNicolae Testemitanu\u201d, 165 Stefan cel Mare si Sfant Bd., MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadejda","family":"Railean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Systematics and Molecular Phylogenetics, Institute of Zoology, Moldova State University, 1 Academiei Street, MD-2028 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1599-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ion","family":"Toderas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Systematics and Molecular Phylogenetics, Institute of Zoology, Moldova State University, 1 Academiei Street, MD-2028 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelian","family":"Gulea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials in Biopharmaceutics and Technics, Institute of Chemistry, Moldova State University, 60 Mateevici Street, MD-2009 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S68016","article-title":"Anticancer, antioxidant activities, and DNA affinity of novel monocationic bithiophenes and analogues","volume":"8","author":"Ismail","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70211-5","article-title":"Global cancer transitions according to the Human Development Index (2008\u20132030): A population-based study","volume":"13","author":"Bray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-509X.200658","article-title":"Cancer and cure: A critical analysis","volume":"53","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2024.140511","article-title":"Versatile biological activities of thiosemicarbazones and their metal complexes","volume":"1322","author":"Zahra","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, M., and Kumar, R. (2020). Inhibition of histone deacetylases, topoisomerases and epidermal growth factor receptor by metal-based anticancer agents: Design & synthetic strategies and their medicinal attributes. Bioorg. Chem., 105.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104396"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aly, A.A., Abdallah, E.M., Ahmed, S.A., Rabee, M.M., and Br\u00e4se, S. (2023). Transition Metal Complexes of Thiosemicarbazides, Thiocarbohydrazides, and Their Corresponding Carbazones with Cu(I), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Ag(I)\u2014A Review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041808"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2023.111856","article-title":"Thiosemicarbazides, 1,3,4 thiadiazole Schiff base derivatives of transition metal complexes as antimicrobial agents","volume":"160","author":"Pervaiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442703","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2024.2442703","article-title":"The new thiazolidine-2,4-dione-based hybrids with promising antimycobacterial activity: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and drug interaction analysis","volume":"40","author":"Trotsko","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ra\u0161eta, M., Popovi\u0107, M., Kne\u017eevi\u0107, P., \u0160ibul, F., Kai\u0161arevi\u0107, S., and Karaman, M. (2020). Bioactive Phenolic Compounds of Two Medicinal Mushroom Species Trametes versicolor and Stereum subtomentosum as Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Agents. Chem. Biodivers., 17.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000683"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Nishikawa, Y., Mori, T., Nogami, M., Makino, A., Kiyono, Y., Toyama, T., and Okazawa, H. (2025). Relationship between renal oxidative stress levels and disease severity in patients with chronic kidney disease assessed by [Cu-64]ATSM PET\/MRI. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-85027-2"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.015","article-title":"Biochemical identification of a hydroperoxide derivative of the free 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine base","volume":"52","author":"Hajas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2401140","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202401140","article-title":"A Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitor with High-Performance and Long-Lifetime: Fabrication of Nanoworm-Like-Structured Electrodes Based on Polypyrrole-Thiosemicarbazone Complex","volume":"9","author":"Yazar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(02)00142-0","article-title":"Mitochondrial repair of 8-oxoguanine and changes with aging","volume":"37","author":"Stevnsner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., Chen, H., Pan, R., Jin, F., Tang, J., Huang, Q., Zhou, G., and Song, X. (2025). Exploring the interaction between calf thymus DNA and 11H-Indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one Thiosemicarbazones: Spectroscopies and in vitro antitumor activity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 295.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.139501"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000001679","article-title":"Albumin-based nanocarriers loaded with novel Zn(II)-thiosemicarbazone compounds chart a new path for precision breast cancer therapy","volume":"36","author":"Kariper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073380","article-title":"Analytical Methods Used in Determining Antioxidant Activity: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Munteanu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000265166","article-title":"Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy","volume":"115","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c01002","article-title":"[64Cu]Cu(DDC)2 NPs: A Novel PET Probe for Noninvasive Visualization of NPL4 Expression in Tumors In Vivo","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.07.025","article-title":"Cisplatin in cancer therapy: Molecular mechanisms of action","volume":"740","author":"Dasari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, S. (2019). Cisplatin: The first metal based anticancer drug. Bioorg. Chem., 88.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.102925"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6798","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.6798","article-title":"Pb (II) and Hg (II) thiosemicarbazones for inhibiting the broad-spectrum pathogen Cladosporium sphaerospermum ASU18 (MK387875) and altering its antioxidant system","volume":"36","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00233-1","article-title":"Targeting oxidative stress in disease: Promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy","volume":"20","author":"Forman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecm.2012.06.001","article-title":"Role of Antioxidants in the Prevention of Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Bennett","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.13005\/ojc\/400116","article-title":"An Overview on Free Radicals and Role of Antioxidants in The Management of Cancer","volume":"40","author":"Uniyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orient. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, X.G., Zheng, Y., and Qi, J. (2022). Advances in thiosemicarbazone metal complexes as anti-lung cancer agents. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1018951"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30978","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c02966","article-title":"Pyridine-Based NNS Tridentate Chitosan Thiosemicarbazones and Their Copper(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity","volume":"7","author":"Adhikari","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcaraz, R., Mu\u00f1iz, P., Cavia, M., Palacios, \u00d3., Samper, K.G., Gil-Garc\u00eda, R., Jim\u00e9nez-P\u00e9rez, A., Garc\u00eda-Tojal, J., and Garc\u00eda-Gir\u00f3n, C. (2020). Thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes exhibiting cytotoxicity in colon cancer cell lines through oxidative stress. J. Inorg. Biochem., 206.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2020.110993"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2021.108850","article-title":"Synthesis, spectroscopic and crystal structure of nickel(II) complex of thiosemicarbazone basedSchiff base: Antimicrobial, anticancer and molecular docking studies","volume":"132","author":"Karpagam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b01946","article-title":"Discovery of Novel Bromophenol-Thiosemicarbazone Hybrids as Potent Selective Inhibitors of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) for Use in Cancer","volume":"62","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202500059","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.202500059","article-title":"New Ru(III) 2,6-Bis(2-Benzimidazolyl)Pyridine Complexes Bearing P-Sub-Benzyl Thiosemicarbazones Schiff Base: Synthesis, Characterization, DNA Binding and Anti-cancer Activity","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem.\u2013Asian J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(94)90383-2","article-title":"Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: Decreases in mitochondrial protein sulphydryl concentration and calcium uptake by mitochondria from rat renal cortical slices","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2021.120440","article-title":"2\u2032 Thiophenecarboxaldehyde derived thiosemicarbazone metal complexes of copper (II), palladium(II) and zinc(II) ions. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, anticancer activity and DNA binding studies","volume":"524","author":"Lavanya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorganica Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2020.114754","article-title":"Synthesis and biological potentials of dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes with ONS and ONN chelating thiosemicarbazones: DNA-binding, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition studies","volume":"190","author":"Zahoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-021-02124-2","article-title":"Cytotoxic Potential of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Functionalized with Glutamic Acid and Conjugated with Thiosemicarbazide (NiO@Glu\/TSC) Against Human Gastric Cancer Cells","volume":"33","author":"Hosseinkhah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15584","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191015584","article-title":"Cellular transport mechanisms of cytotoxic metallodrugs: An overview beyond cisplatin","volume":"19","author":"Spreckelmeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bera, A., Kumar, A., Kumar, M., and John, R.P. (2025). An efficient coumarin-based thiosemicarbazone probe for ratiometric fluorescent sensing of Zn2+ and application in live cell imaging. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 336.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2025.126006"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"4854","article-title":"Copper deficiency induced by tetrathiomolybdate suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis","volume":"62","author":"Pan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonaccorso, C., Marzo, T., and La Mendola, D. (2019). Biological Applications of Thiocarbohydrazones and Their Metal Complexes: A Perspective Review. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13010004"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-024-10895-9","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of novel bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes and investigation of their acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase activities with in silico and in vitro studies","volume":"29","author":"Donmez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Divers."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.129268","article-title":"A review on development of bio-active thiosemicarbazide derivatives: Recent advances","volume":"1226","author":"Acharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2767","article-title":"Novel thiosemicarbazone derivatives and their metal complexes: Recent development, Synth","volume":"49","author":"Prajapati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Synth. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02049-3","article-title":"Synthesis of Cobalt Hydroxide Nano-flakes Functionalized with Glutamic Acid and Conjugated with Thiosemicarbazide for Anticancer Activities Against Human Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"198","author":"Bejarbaneh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13709","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.9b01281","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and in Vitro Anticancer Activity of Copper and Zinc Bis(Thiosemicarbazone) Complexes","volume":"58","author":"Anjum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111764","article-title":"Novel thiosemicarbazone derivatives containing indole fragment as potent and selective anticancer agent","volume":"184","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Graur, V., and Gulea, A. (2024). Novel Biological Agents Based on Metal Complexes of N4-Allylthiosemicarbazones and Their Derivatives. Monograph, CEP USM."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Garbuz, O., Gudumac, V., Todera\u0219, I., and Gulea, A. (2023). Antioxidant Properties of Synthetic Compounds and Natural Products. Action Mechanisms. Monograph, CEP USM."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Garbuz, O., Toderas, I., and Gulea, A. (2024). Biological Properties of Some Synthetic and Natural Compounds. Correlation of Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities. Monograph. = Propriet\u0103\u0163ile Biologice ale Unor Compu\u015fi Sintetici \u015fi Naturali. Corelarea Activit\u0103\u0163ii Anticancer \u015fi Antioxidante. Monografie, Tipografia Central\u0103."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusnac, R., Garbuz, O., Kravtsov, V., Melnic, E., Istrati, D., Tsapkov, V., Poirier, D., and Gulea, A. (2024). Novel Copper(II) Coordination Compounds Containing Pyridine Derivatives of N4-Methoxyphenyl-Thiosemicarbazones with Selective Anticancer Activity. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202411.1900.v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czylkowska, A., Pitucha, M., Raducka, A., Fornal, E., Kordialik-Bogacka, E., \u015acieszka, S., Smoluch, M., Burdan, F., J\u0119drzejec, M., and Szyma\u0144ski, P. (2025). Thiosemicarbazone-Based Compounds: A Promising Scaffold for Developing Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Therapeutics. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30010129"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112266","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of tridentate thiosemicarbazone copper complexes: Unravelling an unexplored pharmacological target","volume":"194","author":"Carcelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurya, R.C. (2021). Bioinorganic Chemistry_ Physiological Facets_ Some New Facets (De Gruyter Textbook), De Gruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110727302"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Wecker, L. (2018). Brody\u2019s Human Pharmacology: Mechanism-Based Therapeutics, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666191029130310","article-title":"Thiosemicarbazones as Potent Anticancer Agents and their Modes of Action","volume":"20","author":"Shakya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhary, U., Kumar, P., Sharma, P., Chikara, A., Barua, A., Mahiya, K., Subin, J.A., Yadav, P.N., and Pokharel, Y.R. (2024). Synthesis of 5-hydroxyisatin thiosemicarbazones, spectroscopic investigation, protein-ligand docking, and in vitro anticancer activity. Bioorg. Chem., 153.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.107872"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Liu, H., Xia, D., and Wang, S. (2020). Antioxidant Properties of Camphene-Based Thiosemicarbazones: Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25051192"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.26502\/jcsct.5079251","article-title":"Biological activity of copper (II) complex (2-((2-(prop-2-en-1-ylcarbamothioyl)hydrazinylidene)methyl)phenolato)-chloro-copper (II) monohydrate","volume":"8","author":"Garbuz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cancer Sci. Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, S.-Y., Zeng, C.-M., Xu, P., Ning, Y., Dong, M.-L., Zhang, W.-H., and Yu, G. (2024). Thiazole Functionalization of Thiosemicarbazone for Cu(II) Complexation: Moving toward Highly Efficient Anticancer Drugs with Promising Oral Bioavailability. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.1597.v1"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557043487484","article-title":"The wide pharmacological versatility of semicarbazones, thiosemicarbazones and their metal complexes","volume":"4","author":"Beraldo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112349","article-title":"Thiosemicarbazone-based lead optimization to discover high-efficiency and low-toxicity anti-gastric cancer agents","volume":"199","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6212","DOI":"10.1021\/jm070839q","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and characterization of new iron chelators with anti-proliferative activity: Structure-activity relationships of novel thiohydrazone analogues","volume":"50","author":"Kalinowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"16","article-title":"Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of new thiosemicarbazone derivatives as potential anticancer agents","volume":"23","author":"Ciftci","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.04.027","article-title":"N4-Phenyl-substituted 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones: Cytotoxicity against human tumor cells, structure-activity relationship studies and investigation on the mechanism of action","volume":"20","author":"Soares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c02227","article-title":"Designing a mitochondria-targeted theranostic cyclometalated iridium(III) complex: Overcoming cisplatin resistance and inhibiting tumor metastasis through necroptosis and immune response","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026620666201022144004","article-title":"Chemical and biological evaluation of thiosemicarbazone-bearing heterocyclic metal complexes","volume":"21","author":"Matesanz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.04.009","article-title":"Novel 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones Ga(III) complexes with a high antiproliferative activity by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cell cycle","volume":"134","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6172","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.6172","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of novel 3d metal coordination compounds with 2-acetylpyridine N4-allyl-S-methylisothiosemicarbazone","volume":"35","author":"Graur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4544","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.4544","article-title":"4-allyl-S-methylisothiosemicarbazone: Antimicrobial, antioxidant and in vitro antiproliferative activity","volume":"32","author":"Pahontu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.128090","article-title":"Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antimalarial activities of thiosemicarbazones and their nickel (II) complexes","volume":"1211","author":"Savir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graur, I., Graur, V., Cadin, M., Garbuz, O., Bourosh, P., Melnic, E., Lozan-Tirsu, C., Balan, G., Tsapkov, V., and Fala, V. (2024). Synthesis and Characterization of Copper(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes with 3-(Morpholin-4-yl)propane-2,3-dione 4-Allylthiosemicarbazone Exploring the Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiradical Properties. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29163903"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmeira-Mello, M.V., Teixeira, T., de Melo, M.R.S., Nicolella, H.D., Dutra, J.L., Cominetti, M.R., Rocha, F.V., Tavares, D.C., and Batista, A.A. (2025). Ruthenium(II)-mercapto complexes induce cell damage via apoptosis pathway on ovarian cancer cells. J. Inorg. Biochem., 265.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2024.112819"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/17475198231216422","article-title":"A new thiosemicarbazone and its 3d metal complexes: Synthetic, structural, and antioxidant studies","volume":"47","author":"Graur","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.17344\/acsi.2022.7885","article-title":"Novel Antioxidants Based on Selected 3d Metal Coordination Compounds with 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 4,S-Diallylisothiosemicarbazone","volume":"70","author":"Graur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Chim. Slov."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatoon, S., Asif, R., Kalsoom, S., Aroosh, A., Islam, A., Tariq, S.S., Ul-Haq, Z., and Naseer, M.M. (2025). Novel thiosemicarbazones of coumarin incorporated isatins: Synthesis, structural characterization and antileishmanial activity. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2025.2498072"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotian, A., Kamat, V., Naik, K., Kokare, D.G., Kumara, K., Neratur, K.L., Kumbar, V., Bhat, K., and Revankar, V.K. (2021). 8-Hydroxyquinoline derived p-halo N4-phenyl substituted thiosemicarbazones. Crystal structures, spectral characterization and in vitro cytotoxic studies of their Co (III), Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes. Bioorg. Chem., 112.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.104962"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.09.034","article-title":"Piperidylthiosemicarbazones Cu(II) complexes with a high anticancer activity by catalyzing hydrogen peroxide to degrade DNA and promote apoptosis","volume":"158","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, J., Zhao, W., Zheng, Y., Wang, R., Chen, Q., Wang, F.-A., Fan, W., Gao, H., and Xia, X. (2020). Single-crystal structure and intracellular localization of Zn(II)-thiosemicarbazone complex targeting mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2020.127340"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4184(20007)333:7<217::AID-ARDP217>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"The cytotoxicity of symmetrical and unsymmetrical bis(thiosemicarbazones) and their metal complexes in murine and human tumor cells","volume":"333","author":"Hall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12043","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NJ00342J","article-title":"Synthesis, structure and biological properties of a series of dicopper (bis-thiosemicarbazone) complexes","volume":"48","author":"Cebotari","year":"2024","journal-title":"New J. Chem. R. Soc. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"937","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of copper and cobalt complexes of furfural semicarbazone and thiosemicarbazone derivatives in murine and human tumor cell lines","volume":"55","author":"Hall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927622000733","article-title":"Biological Evaluation of a Series of Amine-Containing Mixed-Ligand Copper(II) Coordination Compounds with 2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)hydrazinecarbothioamide","volume":"28","author":"Gulea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1134\/S0022476622060075","article-title":"Crystal structures of [N\u2032-(2- oxidobenzylidene)-N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-carbamohydrazonothioato(2-)](1,10-phenanthroline)copper and [N\u2032-(2-oxidobenzylidene)-N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)- carbamohydrazonothioato(2-)](2,2\u2032-bipyridine)copper hemihydrates","volume":"63","author":"Chumakov","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Struct. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graur, V., Chumakov, Y., Garbuz, O., Hureau, C., Tsapkov, V., and Gulea, A. (2022). Synthesis, Structure, and Biologic Activity of Some Copper, Nickel, Cobalt, and Zinc Complexes with 2-Formylpyridine N4-Allylthiosemicarbazone. Bioinorg. Chem. Appl., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2705332"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusnac, R., Garbuz, O., Chumakov, Y., Tsapkov, V., Hureau, C., Istrati, D., and Gulea, A. (2023). Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Properties of the Copper(II) Complexes with Novel Ligand: N-[4-({2-[1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazinecarbothioyl}amino)phenyl]acetamide. Inorganics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics11100408"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1021\/ic026131d","article-title":"Cu(II) complexes with heterocyclic substituted thiosemicarbazones: The case of 5-formyluracil. Synthesis, characterization, X-ray structures, DNA interaction studies. and biological activity","volume":"42","author":"Baldini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11243-018-00299-8","article-title":"Copper(II) complexes with pyridoxal dithiocarbazate and thiosemicarbazone ligands: Crystal structure, spectroscopic analysis and cytotoxic activity","volume":"44","author":"Gatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transit. Met. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00f3sa, V., Hajdu, B., T\u00f3th, G., D\u00f6m\u00f6t\u00f6r, O., Kowol, C.R., Keppler, B.K., Spengler, G., Gyurcsik, B., and Enyedy, \u00c9.A. (2022). The coordination modes of (thio)semicarbazone copper(II) complexes strongly modulate the solution chemical properties and mechanism of anticancer activity. J. Inorg. Biochem., 231.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2022.111786"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribbe, M.W. (2019). Metallocofactors That Activate Small Molecules: With Focus on Bioinorganic Chemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25897-9"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022543718598","article-title":"Platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes with 2-acetyl pyridine 4N-ethyl thiosemicarbazone able to overcome the cis-platin resistance. Structure, antibacterial activity and DNA strand breakage","volume":"16","author":"Demertzis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(01)00220-3","article-title":"Synthesis, structure and biological activity of nickel(II) complexes of 5-methyl 2-furfural thiosemicarbazone","volume":"86","author":"Jouad","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"648","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of 2-aldo- and 2-ketopyridine-N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazones and mode of action in human Tmolt4 cells","volume":"56","author":"Hall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(01)00224-0","article-title":"Platinum(II) complexes with 2-acetyl pyridine thiosemicarbazone: Synthesis, crystal structure, spectral properties, antimicrobial and antitumour activity","volume":"86","author":"Demertzis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dharmasivam, M., Zhang, S., Zhao, X., Richardson, V., Wijesinghe, T.P., Suleymanoglu, M., Gholam Azad, M., Bernhardt, P.V., Kaya, B., and Richardson, D.R. (2025). Advantages of Novel Anti-cancer Selenosemicarbazones: Preferential Reactivity of Their Fe(III), Cu(II), and Zn(II) Complexes with Key Physiological Reductants\/Ligands Versus Isosteric Thiosemicarbazones. J. Med. Chem.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5c00374"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2016.03.057","article-title":"Divalent nickel complexes of thiosemicarbazone based on 5-bromosalicylaldehyde and triphenylphosphine: Experimental and theoretical characterization","volume":"113","author":"Guveli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2016.12.080","article-title":"Heteroleptic complexes of Zn(II) based on 1-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-phenylthiosemicarbazide: Synthesis, structural characterization, theoretical studies and antibacterial activity","volume":"1134","author":"Azarkish","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Fielding, L.A., Davis, H., Carroll, W., Lisic, E.C., and Deweese, J.E. (2023). Inhibition of topoisomerases by metal thiosemicarbazone complexes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.1824.v1"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.09.80","article-title":"Thiosemicarbazones: The new wave in cancer treatment","volume":"1","author":"Kalinowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., An, H., Qi, J., and Li, J. (2024). Recent progress in thiocarbazone metal complexes for cancer therapy via mitochondrial signalling pathway. Front. Chem., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1424022"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hohnsen, J., Rryci, L., Obretenova, D., Friedel, J., Jouchaghani, S., and Klein, A. (2024). Functionalizing Thiosemicarbazones for Covalent Conjugation. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202406.0006.v1"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"555","article-title":"Matrine Induction of ROS Mediated Apoptosis in Human ALL B-lymphocytes Via Mitochondrial Targeting","volume":"19","author":"Aghvami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026621666210615151358","article-title":"Myricanol-9-acetate, a Novel Naturally Occurring Derivative of Myricanol, Induces ROS-dependent Mitochondrial-mediated Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cancer Cells","volume":"21","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13492","article-title":"Synthesis and antitumor activity of 2-isocamphanyl thiosemicarbazone derivatives via ROS-enhanced mitochondrial damage","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(01)00413-9","article-title":"Spectral studies of semicarbazones derived from 3- and 4-formylpyridine and 3- and 4-acetylpyridine: Crystal and molecular structure of 3-formylpyridine semicarbazone","volume":"57","author":"Beraldo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantoni, O., Zito, E., Guidarelli, A., Fiorani, M., and Ghezzi, P. (2022). Mitochondrial ROS, ER Stress, and Nrf2 Crosstalk in the Regulation of Mitochondrial Apoptosis Induced by Arsenite. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11051034"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/14756360701631850","article-title":"In-Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal Activity of Some Transition Metal Complexes of Thiosemicarbazone Schiff Base (HL) Derived from N4-(7\u2032-Chloroquinolin-4\u2032-Ylamino) Thiosemicarbazide","volume":"23","author":"Melha","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarewa, S.A., Binobaid, L., Sulaiman, A.A.A., Sobeai, H.M.A., Alotaibi, M., Alhoshani, A., and Isab, A.A. (2023). Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity of Phosphanegold(i) Complexes of 3-Thiosemicarbano-butan-2-one Oxime. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092512"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"231","article-title":"Effect of Acidosis-Induced Signalling Pathways on Mitochondrial O2 Consumption of Tumour Cells","volume":"Volume 1395","author":"Scholkmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxygen Transport to Tissue XLIII, Proceedings of the Oxygen Transport to Tissue XLIII, Ascona, Switzerland, 27\u201330 July 2021"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peretz, E., Ashkenazi, N., and Musa, S. (2025). Cannabidiol-Based Thiosemicarbazones: A Preliminary Study Evaluating Their Anti-Tyrosinase Properties. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30061291"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-8545(93)85052-6","article-title":"Thiosemicarbazone Complexes of Copper(II): Structural and Biological Studies","volume":"123","author":"West","year":"1993","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.07.041","article-title":"\u03b1\u2013N\u2013heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone Fe(III) complex: Characterization of its antitumor activity and identification of anticancer mechanism","volume":"123","author":"Gou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2009.07.042","article-title":"Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Fe(III) and U (VI) Complexes of 2-Acetylpyridine 4N-(2-Pyridyl) Thiosemicarbazone (HAPT); Structural, Spectroscopic and Biological Studies","volume":"936","author":"Youssef","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shyamsivappan, S., Vivek, R., Saravanan, A., Arasakumar, T., Suresh, T., Athimoolam, S., and Mohan, P.S. (2020). A novel 8-nitro quinoline-thiosemicarbazone analogues induces G1\/S and G2\/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through ROS mediated mitochondrial pathway. Bioorg. Chem., 97.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.103709"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.01.014","article-title":"Mitochondria-localizing N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone copper complexes with good cytotoxicity and high antimetastatic activity","volume":"164","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eshal, J., Tariq, H.Z., Li, J., Aftab, H., \u015eenol, H., Taslimi, P., Sadeghian, N., Alharthy, R.D., Akram, M.S., and Talib, R. (2025). Synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico studies of phenyl naphthalene-2-sulfonate derived thiosemicarbazones as potential carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Bioorg. Chem., 155.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.108118"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1021\/jm101532u","article-title":"Role of metalation in the topoisomerase II\u03b1 inhibition and antiproliferation activity of a series of \u03b1-heterocyclic-N4-substituted thiosemicarbazones and their Cu(II) complexes","volume":"54","author":"Zeglis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2025.102182","article-title":"The anti-cancer effectiveness of some heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur atom","volume":"15","author":"Hamad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.22885","article-title":"Multiwfn: A multifunctional wavefunction analyzer","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17109","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.0c02373","article-title":"Synthesis of palladium(II) complexes via michael addition: Antiproliferative effects through ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis and docking with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"59","author":"Haribabu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuior, A., Hijazi, A., Garbuz, O., Bulimaga, V., Zosim, L., Cebotari, D., Haouas, M., Todera\u015f, I., Gulea, A., and Floquet, S. (2022). Screening of biological properties of MoV2O2S2- and MoV2O4-based coordination complexes: Investigation of antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidative and antitumoral activities versus growing of Spirulina platensis biomass. J. Inorg. Biochem., 226.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2021.111627"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/9\/2077\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:28:47Z","timestamp":1760030927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/9\/2077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30092077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30092077","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]}}}