{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T07:05:48Z","timestamp":1791011148855,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the biological properties of aqueous and aqueous\u2013ethanolic leaf extracts from Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus cerasus, which are plant waste materials. Phytochemical profiles were analyzed using HPLC, and antioxidant potential was assessed via DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assays. Extracts showed concentration-, plant-, and extract type-dependent radical scavenging effects exceeding 80%, significant Fe3+ ion reduction, and up to 40% enhancement of SOD activity. In vitro studies on HDF and HaCaT cells revealed reduced intracellular ROS levels, indicating antioxidant potential. Cytotoxicity assays (Alamar Blue, Neutral Red) demonstrated increased skin cell viability by up to 35% at \u226450 or 125 \u00b5g\/mL, while higher doses reduced viability by up to 70%, depending on the extract. Antibacterial activity varied among plant species and was effective against seven bacterial strains. ELISA assays showed anti-inflammatory effects, with IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 levels reduced by 48% and 40%, respectively, and IL-10 increased by up to 27%. These findings suggest that the tested leaf extracts support both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms and may be valuable as functional ingredients in dermatological or cosmetic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30102085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T04:06:21Z","timestamp":1746677181000},"page":"2085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparison of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus cerasus Leaves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Martyna","family":"Zag\u00f3rska-Dziok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8871-8911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Ziemlewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0466-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"W\u00f3jciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Raclawickie 1, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9346-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ireneusz","family":"Sowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Raclawickie 1, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"W\u0105sik-Szczepanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6789-3972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zofia","family":"Nizio\u0142-\u0141ukaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucarini, M., Durazzo, A., Bernini, R., Campo, M., Vita, C., Souto, E.B., Lombardi-Boccia, G., Ramadan, M.F., Santini, A., and Romani, A. 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