{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T19:16:18Z","timestamp":1784315778248,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia) in the scope of the project GreenFuel","award":["PTDC\/EAM-AMB\/30975\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EAM-AMB\/30975\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia) in the scope of the project GreenFuel","award":["LISBOA2030-FEDER-01318200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA2030-FEDER-01318200"]}]},{"name":"Biomass and Bioenergy Research Infrastructure (BBRI)","award":["PTDC\/EAM-AMB\/30975\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EAM-AMB\/30975\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Biomass and Bioenergy Research Infrastructure (BBRI)","award":["LISBOA2030-FEDER-01318200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA2030-FEDER-01318200"]}]},{"name":"Lisbon 2030 Regional Programme, Portugal 2030","award":["PTDC\/EAM-AMB\/30975\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EAM-AMB\/30975\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Lisbon 2030 Regional Programme, Portugal 2030","award":["LISBOA2030-FEDER-01318200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA2030-FEDER-01318200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biodesulfurization (BDS) is a clean technology that uses microorganisms to efficiently remove sulfur from recalcitrant organosulfur compounds present in fuels (fossil fuels or new-generation fuels resulting from pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction). One of the limitations of this technology is the low desulfurization rates. These result in the need for greater amounts of biocatalyst and lead to increased production costs. To mitigate this issue, several approaches have been pursued, such as the use of alternative carbon sources (C-sources) from agro-industrial waste streams or the co-production of high-added-value products by microorganisms. The main goal of this work is to assess the potential of strawberry tree fruit residue (STFr) as an alternative C-source for a BDS biorefinery using Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B, a well-known desulfurizing bacterium with high biotechnological potential. Hence, the first step was to produce sugar-rich liquor from the STFr and employ it in shake-flask assays to evaluate the influence of different pretreatments (treatments with 1\u20134% activated charcoal for prior phenolics removal) on metabolic parameters and BDS rates. Afterwards, the liquor was used as the C-source in chemostat assays, compared to commercial sugars, to develop and optimize the use of STFr-liquor as a viable C-source towards cost-effective biocatalyst production. Moreover, the high-market-value bioproducts simultaneously produced during microbial growth were also evaluated. In this context, the best results, considering both the production of biocatalysts with BDS activity and simultaneous bioproduct production (carotenoids and gordofactin biosurfactant\/bioemulsifier) were achieved when strain 1B was cultivated in a chemostat with untreated STFr-liquor (5.4 g\/L fructose + glucose, 6:4 ratio) as the C-source and in a sulfur-free mineral-minimized culture medium at a dilution rate of 0.04 h\u22121. Cells from this steady-state culture (STFr L1) achieved the highest desulfurization with 250 mM of dibenzothiophene as a reference organosulfur compound, producing a maximum of \u2248213 mM of 2-hydroxibyphenil (2-HBP) with a corresponding specific rate (q2-HBP) of 6.50 \u00b5mol\/g(DCW)\/h (where DCW = dry cell weight). This demonstrates the potential of STFr as a sustainable alternative C-source for the production of cost-effective biocatalysts without compromising BDS ability. Additionally, cells grown in STFr L1 also presented the highest production of added-value products (338 \u00b1 15 \u00b5g\/g(DCW) of carotenoids and 8 U\/mL of gordofactin). These results open prospects for a future G. alkanivorans strain 1B biorefinery that integrates BDS, waste valorization, and the production of added-value products, contributing to the global economic viability of a BDS process and making BDS scale-up a reality in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30102137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T03:59:26Z","timestamp":1747108766000},"page":"2137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Strawberry Tree Fruit Residue as Carbon Source Towards Sustainable Fuel Biodesulfurization by Gordonia alkanivorans Strain 1B"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0955-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana M.","family":"Paix\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, LNEG\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Estrada do Pa\u00e7o do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0120-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago P.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, LNEG\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Estrada do Pa\u00e7o do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Clim\u00e1ticas, APA\u2014Ag\u00eancia Portuguesa do Ambiente, Rua da Murgueira 9, 2610-124 Amadora, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, LNEG\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Estrada do Pa\u00e7o do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6245-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, LNEG\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Estrada do Pa\u00e7o do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, A., Zamzami, M.A., Ahmad, V., Al-Thawadi, S., Akhtar, M.S., and Khan, M.J. 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