{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:17:15Z","timestamp":1760059035915,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of CACMS","award":["CI2023E002","202401AZ070001-006","82204573","ZZ14-YQ-044","ZZ16-YQ-039","ZZXT202204","2060302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI2023E002","202401AZ070001-006","82204573","ZZ14-YQ-044","ZZ16-YQ-039","ZZXT202204","2060302"]}]},{"name":"Applied Basic Research Project of Yunnan Province","award":["CI2023E002","202401AZ070001-006","82204573","ZZ14-YQ-044","ZZ16-YQ-039","ZZXT202204","2060302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI2023E002","202401AZ070001-006","82204573","ZZ14-YQ-044","ZZ16-YQ-039","ZZXT202204","2060302"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CI2023E002","202401AZ070001-006","82204573","ZZ14-YQ-044","ZZ16-YQ-039","ZZXT202204","2060302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI2023E002","202401AZ070001-006","82204573","ZZ14-YQ-044","ZZ16-YQ-039","ZZXT202204","2060302"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["CI2023E002","202401AZ070001-006","82204573","ZZ14-YQ-044","ZZ16-YQ-039","ZZXT202204","2060302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI2023E002","202401AZ070001-006","82204573","ZZ14-YQ-044","ZZ16-YQ-039","ZZXT202204","2060302"]}]},{"name":"Key Project at Central Government Level: The Ability Establishment of Sustainable Use for Valuable Chinese Medicine Resources","award":["CI2023E002","202401AZ070001-006","82204573","ZZ14-YQ-044","ZZ16-YQ-039","ZZXT202204","2060302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI2023E002","202401AZ070001-006","82204573","ZZ14-YQ-044","ZZ16-YQ-039","ZZXT202204","2060302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Terpenoids have significant biological activity and good clinical efficacy and are important for defence and physiological regulation in plants. Andrographolide and similar labdane-related diterpenoids have been isolated and characterized as the main medicinal constituents of drugs from Andrographis paniculata. To better study the diversity of terpenoids of A. paniculata, a total of 39 ApTPSs were screened, and 27 full-length genes encoding ApTPSs were obtained. The results showed that ApTPS4 could convert GGPP to ent-CPP and that ApTPS5 could convert ent-CPP to kaurene. This study first identified six sesquiterpene synthases with biological activity and also indicated the presence of sesquiterpenes with multiple skeletons in A. paniculata. The increase in the number of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthases and the loss of biological function by most sesquiterpene synthases and monoterpene synthases may explain why diterpenoids are the main specific metabolites in A. paniculata compared with the metabolites produced by AtTPSs found in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. As revealed by site-directed mutagenesis, 533Val of ApTPS16 is an important site for maintaining the single main product capability, and 534Tyr of ApTPS17 may also be more important. The ApTPS17 Y534V mutation caused it to lose its main biological function. This study characterized a novel ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase and six sesquiterpene synthases. This provided evidence for the existence of other terpenoids and revealed the diversity of chemical components, providing a reference for future pharmacological research for A. paniculata.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30102208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T05:37:13Z","timestamp":1747633033000},"page":"2208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Terpene Synthases Reveals the Diversity of Terpenoids in Andrographis paniculata"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5904-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhao","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6687-6652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5961-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education on Substance Benchmark Research of Ethnic Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-7986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-011-9219-z","article-title":"A bitter plant with a sweet future? 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